Physical and chemical characteristics of toilet soap made from apricot kernel oil and palm stearin.

Girgis, Adel Y.; El-Aziz, Nahla M. Abd; elsalam, Sahar Mahmoud Abd

doi:10.3989/gya.1998.v49.i5-6.754

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It shows strong adaptation to stress and can be cultivated on marginal land. The kernels of apricot contain substantial amounts of oil [ 1 ], proteins, fiber, phenolics, minerals and bioactive compounds [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], and play an important role not only in human nutrition and health [ 10 ], but also in the medicine, food and cosmetic industries [ 11 , 12 ] and biodiesel [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Apricot kernels contain the toxic phenylalanine-derived cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin, accompanied by minor amounts of prunasin, which is a precursor of the diglucoside amygdalin, a β-D-monoglucoside of R-mandelonitrile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Deng

Cui

Zhu

et al. 2021

Foods

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To reveal the accumulation pattern of cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin and prunasin) in bitter apricot kernels to further understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential accumulation during kernel development and ripening and explore the association between cyanogenic glycoside accumulation and the physical, chemical and biochemical indexes of fruits and kernels during fruit and kernel development, dynamic changes in physical characteristics (weight, moisture content, linear dimensions, derived parameters) and chemical and biochemical parameters (oil, amygdalin and prunasin contents, β-glucosidase activity) of fruits and kernels from ten apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were systematically studied at 10 day intervals, from 20 days after flowering (DAF) until maturity. High variability in most of physical, chemical and biochemical parameters was found among the evaluated apricot cultivars and at different ripening stages. Kernel oil accumulation showed similar sigmoid patterns. Amygdalin and prunasin levels were undetectable in the sweet kernel cultivars throughout kernel development. During the early stages of apricot fruit development (before 50 DAF), the prunasin level in bitter kernels first increased, then decreased markedly; while the amygdalin level was present in quite small amounts and significantly lower than the prunasin level. From 50 to 70 DAF, prunasin further declined to zero; while amygdalin increased linearly and was significantly higher than the prunasin level, then decreased or increased slowly until full maturity. The cyanogenic glycoside accumulation pattern indicated a shift from a prunasin-dominated to an amygdalin-dominated state during bitter apricot kernel development and ripening. β-glucosidase catabolic enzyme activity was high during kernel development and ripening in all tested apricot cultivars, indicating that β-glucosidase was not important for amygdalin accumulation. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of kernel amygdalin content with fruit dimension parameters, kernel oil content and β-glucosidase activity, but no or a weak positive correlation with kernel dimension parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the variance accumulation contribution rate of the first three principal components totaled 84.56%, and not only revealed differences in amygdalin and prunasin contents and β-glucosidase activity among cultivars, but also distinguished different developmental stages. The results can help us understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential cyanogenic glycoside accumulation in apricot kernels and provide a useful reference for breeding high- or low-amygdalin-content apricot cultivars and the agronomic management, intensive processing and exploitation of bitter apricot kernels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Deng

Cui

Zhu

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…This oil is characterized as a pale yellow, clear oil having a very mild odor and taste. It has a high percentaje of oleic acid (Girgis, 1998). This is a light, soft oil often used alone in massage.…”

Section: Ve Eg Ge Et Ta Ab Bl Le E O Oi Il Ls Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipids in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations

Rabasco¹,

González-Rodrı́guez²

2000

Grasas y Aceites

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En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sobre las aplicaciones de los lípidos en el campo farmacéutico. En un primer apartado, se describieron los diferentes lípidos utilizados como excipientes en cosmética y medicina. En este sentido, se utilizan muchos aceites vegetales, como el aceite de almendra, albaricoque, aguacate, borraja, café, cártamo, etc.; a partir de fuente animal, pueden emplearse como excipientes en formulaciones cosméticas los aceites de pescados y de aves. También se utilizan con este propósito las grasas y las ceras. Así mismo se revisan los fosfolípidos empleados en cosmética y en diagnosis, que actúan como vehículos transportadores de sustancias activas, como los liposomas. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio de los lípidos, en función de su actividad biológica, como sustancias activas que forman parte de la elaboración de formulaciones cosméticas, farmacéuticas o suplementos nutricionales. Los carotenoides, retinoides y tocoferoles son usados por sus propiedades antioxidantes, importantes para la salud y la medicina preventiva.In this paper, a review of the applications of lipids in the pharmaceutical field has been reported. In a first stage, different lipids used as excipients in cosmetics and medicines have been described. Many vegetable oils are used in this sense: almond oil, apricot oil, avocado oil, borage oil, coffee oil, safflower oil, etc.; from de animal source, fish oil and bird oil can be employed as excipients in cosmetical formulations. Fats and waxes may be also used for this purpose. A broad range of phospholipids are suitable for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and diagnosis. These substances are used as vehicle for therapeutic substances, such as liposomes. Finally, a study of lipids, as a function of their biological activity, as active substances for the elaboration of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics or nutritional supplements, was carried out. Carotenoids, retinoids, tocopherols are used for their antioxidant properties, that are important to health and diagnostic medicine

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“…Toilet or bathing soap is uniquely manufactured to produce a luxurious lather via saponification process and be gentle on the skin, to be utilized for hand and body cleansing to maintain personal hygiene [1]. Soaps are made of three ingredients, namely; oil/fat (palm oil, palm stearin and lauric acid), lye (sodium hydroxide -NaOH and potassium hydroxide -KOH) and water (distilled, tap or deionized water) [2]- [5]. Many optional ingredients can be added to the 3 key ones for color, scent, texture, lather and antiseptic prowess.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A soap with inherent ability to kill germs when used on hand and skin is more beneficial, especially to minimize transmittable diseases caused by microorganisms [8,9]. The assessment of soap physicochemical property had remained a tool to upgrade local and conventional soap quality and properties [5,6,[10][11][12][13][14]. These properties include exposure risk (margin of safety, hazard index etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toilet Soap Formulation and Additives for Its Enhanced Physicochemical and Medicinal Properties

Abdul,

Karamat,

Tar

et al. 2024

UTJsci

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Human skin is an island in constant interaction between diverse microorganisms (Archaea, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa), especially the inner elbow, armpit and buttocks, of which an imminent health danger is possible during injury or their sustained proliferation. Fat-soluble lauric acid-containing palm kernel oil, hardness-giving caustic soda and water solvent were essential ingredients used to produce toilet soap in this study, via a mechanized setup. Free caustic alkali (FCA), pH and moisture content (MC), as determined for additive (honey, clove, black seed) formulations A, B, C, D and E, which are respectively in the range of 0.006-0.02%, 7.10-9.97, and 7.33-15.33%, gave a soap of desired medicinal functionality. Formulation E physicochemical property compares favorably with other soaps, including Septol, Dettol, Premier, Joy, Sunlight, and Premier Cool found in Nigerian markets. It is found that the three additives introduced into the formulation in the ratio of 33, 50 and 17%, respectively, are responsible for its septic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and sanitizing properties. With this fit achieved, improvement, packaging and mass production of the produced toilet soap already having satisfactory foam stability, lathering, cleansing, fragrance, form and quality (according to SNI standard), is encouraged in this part of the world.

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Physical and chemical characteristics of toilet soap made from apricot kernel oil and palm stearin.

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Lipids in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations

Toilet Soap Formulation and Additives for Its Enhanced Physicochemical and Medicinal Properties

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