Physical analysis of the state- and rate-dependent friction law: Static friction

Berthoud, P.; Baumberger, Tristan; G’Sell, C.; Hiver, Jean‐Marie

doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.14313

Cited by 232 publications

(217 citation statements)

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“…In order to study the dependence of the static friction force on contact time t c prior to sliding, we follow a procedure proposed by Berthoud et al (1999) : the slider is first put in steady sliding at a velocity V ref during 10 seconds in order to renew the contact population. It is then stopped, remaining under tangential load for a resting time t c .…”

Section: (A) Static Frictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State, rate and temperature–dependent sliding friction of elastomers

Ronsin

Coeyrehourcq

2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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We present an experimental investigation of the non stationary frictional properties of multicontact interfaces between rough elastomers and rough hard glass at low velocities (≤ 200 µm s −1 ). These systems, for which the deformation contribution to friction is negligible, are shown to exhibit a phenomenology which is similar to what is observed for non elastomeric materials in the same multi-contact configuration, and which are quantitatively described by the state-and rate-dependent friction laws. This permits to identify clearly the two contributions to adhesive friction which are mixed in steady sliding : the interfacial shear stress which appears as thermally activated formation and breaking of molecular bonds, and the real area of contact which evolves through viscoelastic creep of the load bearing asperities.

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Section: (A) Static Frictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State, rate and temperature–dependent sliding friction of elastomers

Ronsin

Coeyrehourcq

2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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“…These experiments span a vast range of lengths, and include studies at the atomic [14], lab [7,8,11,12,13], and geological scale [9,10]. Recent experiments by Ovarlez et al [6] using granular materials sliding against the interior wall of a piston showed clear rate dependence that was associated with aging effects of individual solid-friction contacts and with the force network.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This was not always the case, and an interesting example of a major relaxation event is seen in one of these runs about 350 s after the stopping of shearing; thereafter, continued slow relaxation occurred. A key insight is that, while the micro-contacts between particles may be strengthening in time [8,11,15], the stress network as a whole is relaxing over very long time scales.…”

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Logarithmic rate dependence of force networks in sheared granular materials

Hartley

Behringer

2003

Nature

176

145

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Rate-independence for stresses within a granular material is a basic tenet of many models for slow dense granular flows [1,2,3,4,5]. By contrast, logarithmic rate dependence of stresses is found in solid-on-solid friction [6,7,8], in geological settings [9,10], and elsewhere [11,12,13,14]. In this work, we show that logarithmic rate-dependence occurs in granular materials for plastic (irreversible) deformations that occur during shearing but not for elastic (reversible) deformations, such as those that occur under moderate repetitive compression. Increasing the shearing rate, Ω, leads to an increase in the stress and the stress fluctuations that at least qualitatively resemble what occurs due to an increase in the density. Increases in Ω also lead to qualitative changes in the distributions of stress build-up and relaxation events. If shearing is stopped at t = 0 , stress relaxations occur with σ(t)/σ(t = 0) ≃ A log(t/to) . This collective relaxation of the stress network over logarithmically long times provides a mechanism for rate-dependent strengthening.PACS numbers: PACS numbers: 46.10.+z, 47.20.-k Slow granular flows, the subject of this letter, are typically described in the context of Mohr-Coulomb friction models[2] that resemble those used for describing friction between two solid bodies [15]. In the well-known solid friction scenario [16,17], an object on a frictional surface will resist a force and remain at rest provided the magnitude of the tangential force is less than the product of a static friction coefficient and the normal force. This picture was translated into the granular context (for dense granular systems characterized by networks of force chains [18]) by Coulomb[19] and more recent authors [1,2], where the normal and tangential forces are replaced by corresponding normal and shear stresses, and the surface of interaction is replaced by a plane within the material. For large enough tangential force (shear stress) relative to the normal force (normal stress) sliding friction (failure in a granular material) occurs. In these pictures, sliding friction (deformation following failure) is independent of the speed of sliding (the shear rate).In reality, experiments in diverse contexts have shown that solid friction exhibits a logarithmic dependence on rate and that static frictional contacts strengthen logarithmically with age. These experiments span a vast range of lengths, and include studies at the atomic[14], lab [7,8,11,12,13], and geological scale [9,10]. Recent experiments by Ovarlez et al.[6] using granular materials sliding against the interior wall of a piston showed clear rate dependence that was associated with aging effects of individual solid-friction contacts and with the force network. Additionally, experiments by Nasuno et al. [7,8] in which a solid surface was pushed across a granular bed showed a slow strengthening (or aging) with time of the (quasi-static) force. In the present experiments, which zoom in uniquely on the grains, we show that there is a * Electronic address...

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“…We propose a model where this enhanced blocking effect can be simply interpreted by an aging effect of the contacts at the side walls. Friction coefficients of solid on solid contacts are known to evolve logarithmically with waiting time t [18]: µ s (t) = µ 0 s +β s log(t). According to fig.2a, we observe no noticeable variation of F min with velocity, for given height and RH.…”

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Rheology of a confined granular material

Ovarlez¹,

Kolb²,

Clément³

2001

Phys. Rev. E

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We study the rheology of a granular material slowly driven in a confined geometry. The motion is characterized by a steady sliding with a resistance force increasing with the driving velocity and the surrounding relative humidity. For lower driving velocities a transition to stick-slip motion occurs, exhibiting a blocking enhancement whith decreasing velocity. We propose a model to explain this behavior pointing out the leading role of friction properties between the grains and the container's boundary. . Another source of difficulty is the dynamical contribution of contact forces and there is, so far, only few studies on the macroscopic emergence of these aging properties due to the slow plastic deformation of contacts and the influence of surrounding humidity [6], [11],[12], [13].Dynamical behavior of slowly driven granular materials was investigated recently by different groups both in compression and/or in shear experiments [3], [5], [8], [14], [15]. Here, we investigate the rheology of a granular assembly confined in a cylindrical column and pushed vertically from the bottom. The resistance to vertical motion as well as the blocking/unblocking transitions, reveal a phenomenology possibly shared by many confined granular assemblies, as for example, gouge sheared between two faults [16], pipe flows, 1

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Physical analysis of the state- and rate-dependent friction law: Static friction

Cited by 232 publications

References 30 publications

State, rate and temperature–dependent sliding friction of elastomers

State, rate and temperature–dependent sliding friction of elastomers

Logarithmic rate dependence of force networks in sheared granular materials

Rheology of a confined granular material

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