Physical activity reduces prostate carcinogenesis in a transgenic model

Esser, Karyn A.; Harpole, Clifford E.; Prins, Gail S.; Diamond, Alan M.

doi:10.1002/pros.20987

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is largely accepted that exercise training exerts a beneficial effect in some lymphomas and in colon, lung, endometrial, prostate and breast cancer [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Systematic reviews have concluded that the practice of physical activity in cancer patients improves important clinical (quality of life and fatigue) and physiological outcomes (muscle strength) [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization

Faustino-Rocha

Silva

Gabriel

et al. 2016

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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Background: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. It is commonly accepted that angiogenesis and the expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is associated with the increased risk of metastasis and poor patient outcome.Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term exercise training on the growth and vascularization of mammary tumors in a rat model. Materials and methods:Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: two N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-exposed groups (exercised and sedentary) and two control groups (exercised and sedentary). MNU was administered once, intraperitoneally at 7 weeks-old. Animals were then exercised on a treadmill for 35 weeks. Mammary tumors were evaluated using thermography, ultrasonography [Power Doppler (PDI), B Flow and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)], and immunohistochemistry (VEGF-A).Results: Both, MNU sedentary and exercised groups showed 100% of tumor incidence, but exercised animals showed less tumors with an increased latency period. Exercise training also enhanced VEGF-A immunoexpression and vascularization (microvessel density, MVD) (p < 0.05), and reduced histological aggressiveness. Ultrasound and 2 -thermal imaging analysis confirmed the enhanced vascularization of tumors on exercised animals.Conclusion: Long-term exercise training increased VEGF-A expression, leading to enhanced tumor vascularization and reduced tumor burden, multiplicity and histological aggressiveness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization

Faustino-Rocha

Silva

Gabriel

et al. 2016

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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“…Our group previously identified physical activity as a potential modifiable factor associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer progression and mortality (2, 3). In animal models, exercise has been shown to suppress solid tumor growth, progression, and metastasis (4-9). However, the underlying biological mechanisms are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Prostate Tumor Vessel Morphology: Data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Blarigan

Gerstenberger

Kenfield

et al. 2015

Cancer Prevention Research

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Vigorous activity is associated with lower risk of prostate cancer progression, but the biologic mechanisms are unknown. Exercise affects vascularization of tumors in animal models, and small, irregularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors are associated with fatal prostate cancer. We hypothesized that men who engaged in vigorous activity or brisk walking would have larger, more regularly shaped vessels in their prostate tumors. We prospectively examined whether physical activity was associated with prostate tumor microvessel morphology among 571 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study using ordinal logistic regression. Vessel size (μm2), vessel lumen regularity (perimeter2 / 4 · Π · area), and microvessel density (number per high powered field) were ascertained in tumor sections stained for endothelial cell marker CD34. Vigorous activity [metabolic equivalent task (MET) ≥ 6], non-vigorous activity (MET <6), and walking pace were assessed a median of 14 months prior to diagnosis. Prostate tumors from men who reported a brisk walking pace (3+ mph) had larger, more regularly shaped blood vessels compared to those of men who walked at a less than brisk pace [vessel regularity odds ratio (OR): 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.27; p-value: 0.01; vessel size OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.12; p-value: 0.03]. Brisk walking was not associated with microvessel density; total vigorous and non-vigorous activities were not associated with vessel size, shape, or number. Brisk walking may be associated with larger, more regularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors. Additional research elucidating the effect of physical activity on prostate tumor biology is needed.

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“…In incidence studies, 58% reported that exercise inhibited tumor initiation or multiplicity (23–25, 27, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 41, 43–46), 8% reported that exercise accelerated tumor incidence (26, 42), and 3% found null effects (29, 30, 32, 34, 37–40). In the growth category, exercise was associated with tumor inhibition in 64% of studies (24, 39, 47–54, 58–63, 65–69), while 21% (37, 40, 44, 55–57, 64) and 9% (26, 34, 42) of studies reported null and accelerated tumor growth, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise on Cancer Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis: A Critical Systematic Review ofIn VivoPreclinical Data

et al. 2016

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A major objective of the emerging field of exercise-oncology research is to determine the efficacy of, and biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects cancer incidence, progression and/or metastasis. There is a strong inverse association between self-reported exercise and the primary incidence of several forms of cancer; similarly, emerging data suggest that exercise exposure following a cancer diagnosis may improve outcomes for early-stage breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer. Arguably, critical next steps in the development of exercise as a candidate treatment in cancer control require preclinical studies to validate the biological efficacy of exercise, identify the optimal “dose”, and pinpoint mechanisms of action. To evaluate the current evidence base, we conducted a critical systematic review of in vivo studies investigating the effects of exercise in cancer prevention and progression. Studies were evaluated on the basis of tumor outcomes (e.g., incidence, growth, latency, metastasis), dose-response, and mechanisms of action, when available. A total of 53 studies were identified and evaluated on tumor incidence (n=24), tumor growth (n=33) or metastasis (n=10). We report that the current evidence base is plagued by considerable methodological heterogeneity in all aspects of study design, end points, and efficacy. Such heterogeneity precludes meaningful comparisons and conclusions at present. To this end, we provide a framework of methodological and data reporting standards to strengthen the field to guide the conduct of high-quality studies required to inform translational, mechanism-driven clinical trials.

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Physical activity reduces prostate carcinogenesis in a transgenic model

Cited by 44 publications

References 16 publications

Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization

Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization

Physical Activity and Prostate Tumor Vessel Morphology: Data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise on Cancer Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis: A Critical Systematic Review ofIn VivoPreclinical Data

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