Physical activity program for older persons: Effect on balance, strength, neuromuscular control, and reaction time

Lord, Stephen R.; Castell, Sally

doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90187-2

Cited by 159 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION. Six tests of sensorimotor function considered to be important for postural control and having good testretest reliability (Lord et al 1991;Lord and Castell 1994) were administered over 1 h. The tests were 1) vibration sense, 2) touchpressure sensation, 3) proprioception, 4) visual acuity, 5) ankle plantar-flexion strength, and 6) foot voluntary reaction time.…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

Mille

Rogers

Martinez

et al. 2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. Thresholds for inducing protective stepping responses to external perturbations of human standing. J Neurophysiol 90: 666 -674, 2003. First published April 23, 2003 10.1152/jn.00974.2002. Standing subjects were unexpectedly pulled forward to identify a threshold boundary that evokes stepping in terms of the size of the pull relative to the base of support (BoS). Performances in a range of sensorimotor tests were correlated with the threshold boundary parameters. Younger and older subjects were studied to identify age-related changes in stepping and the threshold boundaries. The threshold boundary had a forward limit (T L ) that, when crossed, always made subjects step no matter how slowly they were pulled. As velocity increased, the threshold position that produced a step shifted nearer to the ankles. Eventually a pull velocity was reached above which velocity had no further effect and a position threshold (T H ) was identified behind which subjects never stepped. Thus the position threshold boundary for stepping is a posterior-going sigmoidal function of perturbation velocity. Older subjects stepped more than the young (69% vs. 40% of trials). For the older subjects, T L (91% vs. 107% BoS) and T H (59% vs. 72% BoS) were closer to the ankles, and the transition between T L and T H occurred at lower velocities (96% vs. 121% BoS.s Ϫ1 ). Across the entire study population many sensorimotor factors were associated with T L and T H . However, these associations were not present when age was removed as a factor. Thus, although the older subjects use protective stepping more often, this cannot be attributed directly to the sensorimotor factors tested here. It can be explained by stepping as a triggered response to the perturbation event rather than later sensory input about body movement.

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Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

Mille

Rogers

Martinez

et al. 2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Full descriptions of the apparatus, the test-retest reliability, practice effects and the number of measures made in each test have been reported elsewhere [18,21].…”

Section: Falls Follow-up Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychoactive medication use, sensori‐motor function and falls in older women.

Lord

Anstey

Williams

et al. 1995

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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and number of medical conditions. Use of any two psychoactive medications was also significantly associated with falling frequency (Chi-square = 13.91, df = 1, P < 0.01). 4 Path analysis revealed a significant direct association (P < 0.001) between psychoactive medication use and falls, and a significant indirect association mediated via reduced physiological functioning (P < 0.001). Postural hypotension was not significantly associated with falls (RR = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.84-2.22). 5 The findings suggest that psychoactive medication use may predispose older people to falling by impairing important sensori-motor systems that contribute to postural stability.

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“…Peripheral neuropathy, a complication of diabetes, negatively affects proprioception and increases postural instability or body sway (Ites et al 2011). Delayed reaction and recovery times from sudden postural changes on irregular surfaces comprise further risk factors for falls (Lord and Castell 1994). In fact, the incidence rate of falls in elderly individuals with diabetes is 78% as compared to 30% in healthy elderly individuals; further, the fall risk rate is 1.5 times higher in elderly patients with diabetic neuropathy than in normal people (Yamamoto et al 2001;Duby et al 2004;Volpato et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Body Vibration Training Improves Balance, Muscle Strength and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Elderly Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

Lee

Song

2013

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Elderly patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy are more likely to experience falls. However, the information available on how such falls can be prevented is scarce. We investigated the effects of wholebody vibration (WBV) combined with a balance exercise program on balance, muscle strength, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in elderly patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Fifty-five elderly patients with diabetic neuropathy were randomly assigned to WBV with balance exercise group, balance exercise (BE) group, and control group. The WBV and BE groups performed the balance exercise program for 60 min per day, 2 times per week, for 6 weeks. Further, the WBV group performed WBV training (up to 3 × 3 min, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks). The control group did not participate in any training. The main outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks of training; namely, we assessed the postural sway and one leg stance (OLS) for static balance; Berg balance scale (BBS), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and functional reach test (FRT) for dynamic balance; five-times-sit-to-stand (FTSTS) test for muscle strength; and HbA1c for predicting the progression of diabetes. Significant improvements were noted in the static balance, dynamic balance, muscle strength, and HbA1c in the WBV group, compared to the BE and control groups (P < 0.05). Thus, in combination with the balance exercise program, the shortterm WBV therapy is beneficial in improving balance, muscle strength and HbA1c, in elderly patients with diabetic neuropathy who are at high risk for suffering falls.

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Physical activity program for older persons: Effect on balance, strength, neuromuscular control, and reaction time

Cited by 159 publications

References 18 publications

Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

Psychoactive medication use, sensori‐motor function and falls in older women.

Whole-Body Vibration Training Improves Balance, Muscle Strength and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Elderly Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

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