Physical Activity in the Prevention and Amelioration of Osteoporosis in Women

Borer, Katarina T.

doi:10.2165/00007256-200535090-00004

Cited by 290 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 471 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…A substantial body of literature has established that participating in regular physical activity can positively improve bone mineral status (3,4) . The advantage of exercise over methods such as dietary intervention is that it increases the skeleton's resistance to fracture by improving and maintaining both BMD and neuromuscular competency, thus reducing both skeletal fragility and predisposition to falls (4) .…”

Section: Exercise: Bone Mineral Density: Premenopausal Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise for optimising peak bone mass in women

Bailey

Brooke‐Wavell

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Physical activity is one of the major non-pharmacological methods for increasing and maintaining bone mineral density (BMD) and geometry. As such, it has an important role in maintaining peak bone mass and strength, thus reducing the risk of future osteoporotic fracture. However, not all exercise is effective, so a prescription in terms of optimal type, intensity, frequency and duration is required. Studies using animal models suggest that loading that is high in magnitude, rapidly applied and novel is most effective, whilst duration is less important beyond a threshold number of cycles. In human subjects cross-sectional studies comparing different athletic populations suggest that those who participate in high-or odd-impact sports have higher BMD; whilst impact exercise, strength training and brief high-impact-jump training interventions increase BMD in premenopausal women. In order to further elucidate exercise recommendations to optimise bone health in this population, the usefulness of brief high-impact unilateral exercises has been evaluated. Brief hopping exercises were shown to be feasible for sedentary premenopausal women, producing ground-reaction forces as high as those from jumping. Regularly performing these hopping exercises over 6 months was found to increase femoral-neck BMD of the trained leg relative to the control leg. Unilateral high-impact exercise may therefore improve bone strength of the trained limb and provide a useful model for comparing exercise prescriptions to help define the most efficient and effective exercise recommendations for the bone health of premenopausal women. Exercise: Bone mineral density: Premenopausal womenOsteoporosis is a condition of skeletal fragility whereby depleted bone mass and compromised bone structure weaken bone to such an extent that fractures occur from minimal trauma. The disease is a major public health problem with great social and economic importance. One in five men and one in two women in the UK > 50 years of age will suffer an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime (1) and the annual cost for all fractures is £1 . 5 · 10 9(2) .Two mechanisms that principally determine adult bone health are peak bone mineral density (BMD) at skeletal maturity and the rate of bone loss with advancing age; thus, maximising premenopausal BMD is a critical strategy for the prevention of osteoporosis and resultant fractures later in life. A substantial body of literature has established that participating in regular physical activity can positively improve bone mineral status (3,4) . The advantage of exercise over methods such as dietary intervention is that it increases the skeleton's resistance to fracture by improving and maintaining both BMD and neuromuscular competency, thus reducing both skeletal fragility and predisposition to falls (4) .Exercise recommendations for cardiovascular fitness have already been precisely defined (5) , but it is unlikely that the same exercise prescription applies to cardiovascular health and skeletal health, and to both pre-a...

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Section: Exercise: Bone Mineral Density: Premenopausal Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise for optimising peak bone mass in women

Bailey

Brooke‐Wavell

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…These studies suggest that physical activity can improve the width and the mineral content of bones in girls and adolescent females, particularly if it is initiated before puberty, carried out in volumes and at intensities seen in athletes, and accompanied by adequate caloric and calcium intakes [9]. The majority of the researches conducted in this field have focused predominantly on post-menopausal women; studies on premenopausal women, though, remain sparse [4,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The condition results in the loss of bone strength which, in combination with an increased tendency to fall, accounts for the surging number of hip fractures during the past decade [5][6][7]. While certain studies have named reduced bone mineral density as one of the most common complications in adolescents and young women involved in strenuous sports activity, others consider exercising during youth as a non-pharmacological preventive strategy not only to increase muscle strength but also to regulate bone maintenance and stimulate bone formation, all of which would improve balance and subsequently would reduce the overall risk of falls and fractures during middle and later life [5,[8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Mineral Density in Female Professional Athletes Involved in Weight Bearing and Non-Weight Bearing Exercises

Heshmat

2015

Journal of Bone Biology and Osteoporosis

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The present study was designed to assess the effect of different types of exercises on the BMD values in female professional atheletes. The case control study was conducted on 59 healthy female atheletes aged between 20 and 30 years who were a member of the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s national teams in the past three years. They were involved in weight-bearing (soccer and golf) and non-weight bearing (swimming and rowing) exercises. The BMD values of the L1Ã¢â‚¬â€œL4 anteroposterior lumbar spine and femoral subregions were recorded using a DXA bone densitometer and compared to that of a group of age and sex-matched non-athletes. Mean BMD values at all the studied sites were highest among the footballers and lowest among the golf players. Except for the spine, a significant difference between the BMD values at all the studied sites. As for spine, a significant difference was only seen in the BMD values of the footballers and that of golf players. There was no significant difference between the BMD values of the controls and those involved in either weight bearing or non-weight bearing exercises. The considerable difference noted in BMD values at different sites in footballers and golf playersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ points out the great influence of weight-bearing exercises on the bone structure. The bonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ response to exercises is site-specific. High-impact weight bearing exercises stressing bones in a variety of directions are more effective in improving BMD values. Athletes involved in non-weight bearing exercises should do certain weight-bearing exercises to strengthen their bones.

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“…Specific fall prevention programs may contribute to improve neuromuscular coordination and thereby contribute to reduce the risk and the consequences of falling [93,133]. Younger people with osteoporosis also need exercise that will preserve or improve bone mass, muscular strength, endurance and cardiovascular fitness [10]. Although braces have neither been shown to lower BMD in adolescents [130,131] nor to impact back strength in women with osteoporosis [57], conclusive studies are lacking and immobilization is generally not recommended.…”

Section: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%