Physical Activity in Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Disease: The Battle Line is in Exercise Vascular Cell Biology

Laughlin, M. Harold

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000117114.02875.5c

Cited by 56 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…38 The vascular endothelium produces numerous paracrine substances, including nitric oxide, which help to maintain the health of the vascular wall and regulate vasomotor function. 33 Exercise training may improve endothelial function by upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression 13,39 and activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase via kinase Akt-dependent phosphorylation. 39 The signals produced by exercise initiating these adaptations are suggested to be increased vascular shear stress and cyclic stretch.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39 The signals produced by exercise initiating these adaptations are suggested to be increased vascular shear stress and cyclic stretch. 13 The amount and intensity of exercise needed to improve endothelial function remain obscure. 33 Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction in children and adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,12 The mechanism mediating the beneficial effects of physical activity on arterial endothelial function is suggested to be an exerciseinduced increase in blood flow, leading to augmented shear stress and cyclic stretch, further causing enhanced nitric oxide production. 13 In overweight and obese children and adolescents, exercise training improves endothelial function even without concom-itant changes in body weight or BMI. 14 -16 However, studies on endothelial function and habitual physical activity are scarce in children and adolescents.…”

Section: Clinical Perspective P 2359mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vascular Endothelial Function and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents

et al. 2008

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Background-Exercise training improves endothelial function in high-risk adolescents, but the influence of habitual leisure-time physical activity on endothelial function in healthy adolescents is unknown. Methods and Results-Brachial artery flow-mediated endothelial function and physical activity habits were assessed in 483 adolescents (13 years of age) participating in an atherosclerosis prevention study (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children [STRIP]). Endothelial function was examined with ultrasound; physical activity was assessed with self-administered questionnaires. A leisure-time physical activity index was calculated by multiplying mean weekly leisure-time exercise intensity, duration, and frequency [boys, 31.2Ϯ23.0 MET h/wk (meanϮSD); girls, 24.0Ϯ20.9 MET h/wk; P for gender differenceϭ0.0003]. Maximum flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and total FMD response (the area under the dilatation curve 40 to 180 seconds after hyperemia) were calculated. In boys, maximum FMD and area under the dilatation curve 40 to 180 seconds after hyperemia were directly associated with leisure-time physical activity index in regression analyses adjusted for brachial artery diameter (maximum FMD, Pϭ0.020; area under the dilatation curve 40 to 180 seconds after hyperemia, Pϭ0.0055). These associations remained significant after further adjustments for body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and systolic blood pressure. A difference of Ϸ50 MET h/wk corresponding to Ϸ10 hours of moderate intensity activity weekly between sedentary and active boys was associated with an Ϸ1% unit difference in maximum FMD. Conclusions-Leisure-time physical activity is directly associated with brachial artery FMD responses in 13-year-old boys, providing evidence that physical activity beneficially influences endothelial function in healthy male adolescents. Lack of association in girls may reflect their overall lower physical activity level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Perspective P 2359mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vascular Endothelial Function and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents

et al. 2008

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“…For example, the diffusion distance from the endothelium to the outermost layers of the smooth muscle decreases in smaller vessels (30); thus, the dilatory response of smaller arteries may be greater because vasodilator diffusive conductance increases. In addition, the smooth muscle cell-to-endothelial cell ratio decreases as vessel size decreases (fewer smooth muscle cells/ endothelial cell), perhaps resulting in a greater amount of endothelially derived vasodilator per smooth muscle cell in small vessels (25,26). Responsiveness of the smooth muscle to vasoactive substances may also vary across vessels (6), which may account for functional differences between differently sized arteries.…”

Section: Possible Mechanistic Differences Across Differently Sized Armentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of baseline artery diameter on flow-mediated vasodilation: a comparison of brachial and radial artery responses to matched levels of shear stress

Jazuli

Pyke

2011

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Jazuli F, Pyke KE. The impact of baseline artery diameter on flow-mediated vasodilation: a comparison of brachial and radial artery responses to matched levels of shear stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301: H1667-H1677, 2011. First published July 22, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00487.2011.-An inverse relationship between baseline artery diameter (BAD) and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) has been identified using reactive hyperemia (RH) to create a shear stress (SS) stimulus in human conduit arteries. However, RH creates a SS stimulus that is inversely related to BAD. The purpose of this study was to compare FMD in response to matched levels of SS in two differently sized upper limb arteries [brachial (BA) and radial (RA) artery]. With the use of exercise, three distinct, shear rate (SR) stimuli were created (SR ϭ blood velocity/vessel diameter; estimate of SS) in the RA and BA. Artery diameter and mean blood velocity were assessed with echo and Doppler ultrasound in 15 healthy male subjects (19 -25 yr). Data are means Ϯ SE. Subjects performed 6 min of adductor pollicis and handgrip exercise to increase SR in the RA and BA, respectively. Exercise intensity was modulated to achieve uniformity in SR between arteries. The three distinct SR levels were as follows: steady-state exercise 39.8 Ϯ 0.6, 57.3 Ϯ 0.7, and 72.4 Ϯ 1.2 s Ϫ1 (P Ͻ 0.001). %FMD and AbsFMD (mm) at the end of exercise were greater in the RA vs. the BA at each shear level [at the highest level: RA ϭ 15.7 Ϯ 1.5%, BA ϭ 5.4 Ϯ 0.8% (P Ͻ 0.001)]. The mean slope of the within-subject SR-%FMD regression line was greater in the RA (RA ϭ 0.33 Ϯ 0.04, BA ϭ 0.13 Ϯ 0.02, P Ͻ 0.001), and a strong within-subjects relationship between %FMD and SR was observed in both arteries (RA: r 2 ϭ 0.92 Ϯ 0.02; BA: r 2 ϭ 0.90 Ϯ 0.03). Within the RA, there was a significant relationship between baseline diameter and %FMD; however, this relationship was not present in the BA (RA: r 2 ϭ 0.76, P Ͻ 0.001; BA: r 2 ϭ 0.03, P ϭ 0.541). These findings suggest that the response to SS is not uniform across differently sized vessels, which is in agreement with previous studies. endothelial function; doppler ultrasound; shear stress; handgrip exercise; baseline diameter THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS THAT line the arteries are critically involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. In healthy arteries, increases in blood flow-associated shear stress lead to the release of vasodilators [e.g., nitric oxide (NO), endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), and prostacyclin] by the endothelium, resulting in an endotheliumdependent vasodilation [flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD)] (1, 3, 28, 35). An inverse relationship between baseline vessel diameter and the magnitude of the conduit artery FMD response in the arm has been reported by several studies (19,42,49,52). As a result, it can be difficult to use FMD to compare endothelial function in groups with varying baseline artery sizes (for example, the young vs. the elderly and men vs. women) because it may be unclear whether a small...

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“…Psychological well-being is particularly important for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, but it also has important implications for the prevention and management of other chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, obesity, cancer and depression (Dunn et al, 2001, Warburton et al, 2011. Regular aerobic activity has been found to improve vascular function in adults independent of changes in other risk factors and has been said to result in a shearstress-mediated improvement in endothelial function, which confers a health benefit to a number of disease states (Laughlin et al, 2004).…”

Section: Benefits Of Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%