Physical Activity-Dependent Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium-Phosphorous Metabolism

Abstract

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates. Exercise also affects bone and mineral metabolism, particularly calcium and phosphate, both of which are essential for muscle contraction, neuromuscular signaling, biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and other energy substrates. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Understanding the effects of exercise on PTH secretion is fundamental for appreciating how the body adapts to exercise. Altered PTH metabolism underlies hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, the complications of which affect the organs involved in calcium and phosphorous metabolism (bone and kidney) and other body systems as well. Exercise affects PTH expression and secretion by altering the circulating levels of calcium and phosphate. In turn, PTH responds directly to exercise and exercise-induced myokines. Here, we review the main concepts of the regulation of PTH expression and secretion under physiological conditions, in acute and chronic exercise, and in relation to PTH-related disorders.

The role of IL-1 in adipose browning and muscle wasting in CKD-associated cachexia

“…28,30 Increased expression of Pthr1 has been associated with muscle fatigue, cardiovascular pathology and hyperparathyroidism as well as skeletal muscle wasting. 52,55 CKD mice in this study had elevated circulating PTH levels but anakinra did not normalize serum PTH levels in CKD mice (Supplemental Table 3S), suggesting that PTH/PTHrP pathway may not be the only mediator of crosstalk between adipose tissue and muscle in CKD-associated cachexia. We did nd that muscle Pthr1 gene expression was signi cantly increased in CKD mice and anakinra normalized upregulated muscle Pthr1 expression in CKD mice (Fig.…”

“…Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) functions as a receptor for Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP). 55 PTH and PTHrP, which signal through the same receptor PTH1R, induce adipose tissue and muscle wasting in murine models of cancer and CKD. 28,30 Increased expression of Pthr1 has been associated with muscle fatigue, cardiovascular pathology and hyperparathyroidism as well as skeletal muscle wasting.…”

“…Increased expression of Atp2a2 and decreased expression of Atf3, Itpr1 and Lamc3 have been associated with impaired motor neuron survival and muscle innervation, reduced myogenic differentiation and regeneration. [55][56][57][58][59] Moreover, increased Gng2 expression is a biomarker of fatty in ltration in muscle and increased muscle Gng2 expression has been associated with aberrant adipocyte morphology and metabolic derangements in various metabolic diseases. 60 Increased Ucp2 expression stimulates body metabolism and promotes skeletal muscle wasting.…”

Vitamin K and D Supplementation and Bone Health in Chronic Kidney Disease—Apart or Together?

“…VD and PTH interact in a tightly controlled feedback cycle and play a major role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis [ 61 ]. VD deficiency with hypocalcemia and decreased calcium absorption from diet leads to enhanced PTH secretion, which results in increased renal calcium reabsorption and osteoclastic bone resorption [ 62 , 63 , 64 ]. PTH and hypocalcemia enhance CYP27B1 pathway-mediated hydroxylation of 25D to its active form: 1,25D.…”

Is there a link between vitamin D status, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection risk and COVID‐19 severity?

“…Vitamin D levels are determined by the means of the measurement of serum total 25(OH)D (D3 + D2), universally regarded as the best biomarker for assessing vitamin D status 44 due to the longer circulating half‐life, than 1α,25‐(OH) 2 D, and the independency from PTH, which is in turn regulated by blood calcium 45 . 25(OH)D circulates bound to vitamin D binding proteins (VDBP) while the free active form, that is, that able to bind VDR, represents only a fraction 46 .…”