Physical Activity Associations with Bone Mineral Density and Modification by Metabolic Traits

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Objective</jats:title> <jats:p>To assess the relationship of physical activity with bone mineral density (BMD) at various sites and examine potential modifying metabolic factors.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>Responses from physical activity questionnaires were used to determine total physical activity (PA), moderate physical activity (mod-PA), and sedentary time. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate association of activity traits with insulin sensitivity by euglycemic clamp, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in 741 healthy subjects.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The cohort was relatively sedentary. Activity level was associated with arm, pelvis and leg BMD in univariate analyses. In multivariate association analyses of arm BMD, only female sex (β=-0.73, P&amp;lt;0.0001) and adiponectin (β=-0.076, P=0.0091) were significant. Multivariate analyses of pelvis BMD found independent associations with body mass index (BMI) (β=0.33, P&amp;lt;0.0001), adiponectin (β=-0.10, P=0.013), female sex (β=-0.18, P&amp;lt;0.0001), sedentary time (β=-0.088, P=0.034), PA (β=0.11, P=0.01), and mod-PA (β=0.11, P=0.014). Age (β=-0.10, P=0.0087), female sex (β=-0.63, P&amp;lt;0.0001), BMI (β=0.24, P&amp;lt;0.0001), and mod-PA (β=0.10, P=0.0024) were independently associated with leg BMD.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>These results suggest that BMD increases with physical activity in the arms, legs, and pelvis and is inversely related to sedentary time in the pelvis and legs, and these associations may be modified by age, sex, BMI, and adiponectin, depending on the site, with physical activity being more important to pelvis and leg BMD than arm BMD and sedentary time being important for pelvis BMD. Moreover, we demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and insulin sensitivity play a minor role in BMD.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

Association of Sun-Protective Behaviors With Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporotic Bone Fractures in US Adults

“…It is important to note that this statistically significant association was more likely to be seen among the older population. In this population, it is imperative to address additional and more likely contributing risk factors to lower spinal BMD such as lower physical activity and diminished body weight, which separately or together accelerate bone mass loss [13][14][15][16] and progression to the hard outcomes, including osteoporosis 17 and osteoporotic bone fractures. 18 Therefore, at-risk individuals with 1 or a combination of sun-protective behaviors would likely benefit from counseling on reversing maladaptive lifestyle patterns (eg, sedentary lifestyle, malnourishment) to offset potential effects on bone health.…”

The Effectiveness of Water- versus Land-Based Exercise on Specific Measures of Physical Fitness in Healthy Older Adults: An Integrative Review

“…Participation in sports and physical activities stands as a cornerstone of this endeavor as an effective and easy way [2], presenting a plethora of physical and mental health benefits. In this direction, an increasing body of research and systematic reviews has well documented the effectiveness of land-based exercises (LBE) (i.e., involving activities conducted on solid ground) in improving physical fitness measures [3] including improvements in muscle strength [4], cardiorespiratory fitness [5], bone health [6], balance [7], flexibility [8], body composition [9], and overall quality of life [10] in older adults.…”