Physical activity and cognitive stimulation ameliorate learning and motor deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Digital Therapeutics for Improving Effectiveness of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biological Products: Preclinical and Clinical Studies Supporting Development of Drug + Digital Combination Therapies for Chronic Diseases

“…The running group had significantly shorter escape latency, better discrimination in the new object recognition test, and lower amyloid plaque deposition than sedentary AD mice. This finding is in accord with another study showing that both physical activity and cognitive stimulation can restore spatial memory, recognition, and motor deficits in the Tg4-42 AD mouse model [60]. Alzheimer's rats that had both EE and donepezil showed significant improvement in performance on the Morris Water Maze tests compared to having either EE or donepezil alone, or neither [65].…”

“…The running group had significantly shorter escape latency, better discrimination in the new object recognition test, and lower amyloid plaque deposition than sedentary AD mice. This finding is in accord with another study showing that Animal studies in AD and dementia models showed that EE and physical activity improved spatial and working memories, and reduced levels of amyloid-β and tau proteins [59,60]. EE also improved cognitive functions in vascular dementia rats [61,62], and had positive effects on the cognitive reserve [63].…”

“…Daily digital interventions could include daily physical exercises, listening to music, and cognitive stimulation activities. Animal studies in AD and dementia models showed that EE and physical activity improved spatial and working memories, and reduced levels of amyloid-β and tau proteins [59,60]. EE also improved cognitive functions in vascular dementia rats [61,62], and had positive effects on the cognitive reserve [63].…”

Combined long-term enriched environment and caffeine supplementation improve memory function in C57Bl6 mice

“…In recent years, several studies described the beneficial effects of EE housing on object recognition memory in rodent models of accelerated aging or AD [ 17 , 24 , 32 , 56 , 64 ]. Likewise, object recognition memory has also been reported to be improved upon physical exercise or EE housing in various strains of WT mice [ 38 , 50 , 52 , 66 ].…”

“…At 2 months of age, wild-type (WT) mice from the strain C57BL/6J were randomly assigned to either standard housing (SH) or EE conditions until the age of 6 months [ 64 ]. While mice in SH conditions were kept in standard laboratory cages (33 cm × 18 cm × 14 cm), larger rat cages (55 cm × 34 cm × 20 cm) equipped with running tunnels, plastic and metal wheels, nesting material, houses and toys were used in case of EE housing, which were cleaned and rearranged weekly to increase the sense of novelty, as done in previous studies [ 33 , 64 ]. In further groups of animals housed in SH and EE conditions, chronic oral caffeine treatment was initiated at 2 months of age (Fig.…”