Physical Activity and Associated Socioeconomic Determinants in Rural and Urban Tanzania: Results from the 2012 WHO-STEPS Survey

Mashili, Fredirick; Kagaruki, Gibson B.; Mbatia, Joseph; Nanai, Alphoncina; Saguti, Grace; Maongezi, Sarah; Magimba, Ayoub; Mghamba, Janneth; Kamugisha, Mathias; Mgina, Eric; Mweya, Clement N.; Ramaiya, Kaushik; Mayige, Mary

doi:10.1155/2018/4965193

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Nearly 90% of participants in this study were categorized as being inactive or underactive. Contrary to our findings, earlier local studies revealed physical activity rates between 83.2% [16] to 92.6% [44]. Such discrepancy could partly be explained by the variation in the assessment tools used to assess for physical activity among studies, however, based on the observed obesity rates such rates are likely to be a true reflection.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Obesity epidemic in urban Tanzania: a public health calamity in an already overwhelmed and fragmented health system

Pallangyo¹,

Mkojera²,

Hemed³

et al. 2020

BMC Endocr Disord

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Background Worldwide, the epidemiological and demographic transitions have resulted in nutrition shift characterized by an increased consumption of high energy fast food products. In just over 3 decades, overweight and obesity rates have nearly tripled to currently affecting over a third of the global population. Notwithstanding the ever present under-nutrition burden, sub Saharan Africa (SSA) is witnessing a drastic escalation of overweight and obesity. We aimed to explore the prevalence and associated factors for obesity among residents of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania. Methods Participants from this study were recruited in a community screening conducted during the Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair. Sociodemographic and clinical data were gathered using a structured questionnaire during enrollment. Dietary habits and anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard methods. All statistical analyses utilized STATA v11.0 software. Pearson Chi square and Student’s T-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors associated with BMI ≥ 25. All tests were 2-sided and p < 0.05 was used to denote a statistical significance. Results A total of 6691 participants were enrolled. The mean age was 43.1 years and males constituted 54.2% of all participants. Over two-thirds of participants were alcohol consumers and 6.9% had a positive smoking history. 88.3% of participants were physically inactive, 4.7% had a history of diabetes mellitus and 18.1% were known to have elevated blood pressure. Overweight and obesity were observed in 34.8 and 32.4% of participants respectively. Among overweight and obese participants, 32.8% had a misperception of having a healthy weight. Age ≥ 40, female gender, a current working status, habitual breakfast skipping, poor water intake, high soft drink consumption, regular fast food intake, low vegetable and fruit consumption, alcohol consumption and hypertension were found to be independent associated factors for obesity. Conclusion Amidst the ever present undernutrition in SSA, a significant proportion of participants had excess body weight. Concomitantly, the rates of physical inactivity and unhealthy eating are disproportionately high in Dar es Salaam. In view of this, community-based and multilevel public health strategies to promote and maintain healthy eating and physical activity require an urgent step-up in urban Tanzania.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Obesity epidemic in urban Tanzania: a public health calamity in an already overwhelmed and fragmented health system

Pallangyo¹,

Mkojera²,

Hemed³

et al. 2020

BMC Endocr Disord

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show abstract

“…Nearly 90% of participants in this study were categorized as being inactive or underactive. Contrary to our findings, earlier local studies revealed physical activity rates between 83.2% 16 to 92.6% 40 . Such discrepancy could partly be explained by the variation in the assessment tools used to assess for physical activity among studies, however, based on the observed obesity rates such rates are likely to be a true reflection.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Obesity Epidemic in Urban Tanzania: A Public Health Calamity in an already Overwhelmed and Fragmented Health System.

Pallangyo¹,

Mgopa²,

Mkojera³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Worldwide, the epidemiological and demographic transitions have resulted in nutrition shift characterized by an increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and energy-dense fast food products. In just over 3 decades, overweight and obesity rates have nearly tripled to currently affecting over a third of the global population. Notwithstanding the ever present under-nutrition burden, sub Saharan Africa (SSA) is witnessing a drastic escalation of overweight and obesity. We aimed to explore the prevalence and associated factors for obesity among residents of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania.Methods Participants from this study were recruited during a community screening conducted in Dar es Salaam. Sociodemographic and clinical data were gathered using a structured questionnaire during enrollment. Dietary habits, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were assessed. All statistical analyses utilized STATA v11.0 software. Pearson Chi square and Student’s T-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. Linear logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors associated with BMI≥25. All tests were 2-sided and p<0.05 was used to denote a statistical significance.Results A total of 6691 participants were enrolled. The mean age was 43.1 years and males constituted 54.2% of all participants. Over two-thirds of participants were alcohol consumers and 6.9% had a positive smoking history. Eighty eight point three percent of participants were underactive, 4.7% had a history of diabetes mellitus and 18.1% were known to have elevated blood pressure. Overweight and obesity were observed in 34.8% and 32.4% of participants respectively. Among overweight and obese participants, 32.8% had a misperception of having a healthy weight. Age≥40, female sex, a current working status, habitual breakfast skipping, poor water intake, high soft drink consumption, regular fast food intake, low vegetable and fruit consumption, alcohol consumption and elevated blood pressure were found to be independent associated factors for obesity.Conclusion A sizeable proportion of participants were overweight or obese. Concomitantly, the rates of physical inactivity and unhealthy eating are disproportionately high. In view of this, community-based and multilevel public health strategies to promote and maintain healthy eating and physical activity require an urgent step-up in urban Tanzania.

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“…We also recorded family history of diabetes (Yes/No[referent]). Behavioral risks included alcohol consumption (current/past vs never[referent]) 37 , smoking (current/past [referent] vs never), fruits/vegetables (<5 days/week [referent] vs ≥5 days/week), 34 cooking with oil (vegetable oil [referent] vs non-vegetable oil), physical activity (low <600 MET/week vs high [≥600 MET/week, referent]) 38 and meals eaten outside the home/per week (3–7 meals/week [referent] vs 8–28 meals/week).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Regular Street Food Consumers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Kagaruki¹,

Mahande²,

Kimaro³

et al. 2021

DMSO

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Background Regular street food consumers (RSFCs) in Africa are at an increased risk of unhealthy eating practices, which have been associated with intermediate risk factors of cardio-metabolic diseases. However, knowledge of the magnitude and correlates of these risk factors is limited in Tanzania. This study aimed to fill this gap using data collected from RSFCs in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out among 560 RSFCs in three districts of Dar es Salaam between July and September 2018. Information on socio-economic factors and demographics, behavioral risks, anthropometric and biochemical indicators was collected. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and prevalence ratio (PR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable binary logistic and modified Poisson regression models, respectively. Results On average, participants consumed 11 street food meals/week. The prevalence (95% CI) of cardio-metabolic risk factors was 63.9% (60.6–69.9%) for overweight/obesity, 42.5% (38.3–46.9%) for raised blood pressure, 13.5% (10.9–16.8%) for raised triglycerides and 6.6% (4.9–9.3%) for raised glucose levels. The correlates of overweight/obesity were female vs male sex (APR=1.3; 95% CI 1.2–1.5), age of 41–64 vs 25–40 years (APR=1.4; 95% CI 1.2–1.6), high vs low income (APR=1.2; 95% CI 1.04–1.3), being married/cohabiting vs other (APR=1.2; 95% CI 1.01–1.4) and family history of diabetes vs no family history (APR=1.2; 95% CI 1.01–1.3). Age 41–64 vs 25–40 years, was the only significant factor associated with raised blood pressure APR (95% CI) 2.2 (1.7–2.9) and raised glucose AOR (95% CI) 3.9 (1.5–10.5). Conclusion Our study revealed that RSFCs are at risk of cardio-metabolic health problems, especially women, middle-aged people and those with higher incomes. Transdisciplinary studies to understand the drivers of street food consumption are needed in order to inform interventions to mitigate the risk of developing cardio-metabolic diseases. These interventions should target both street food vendors and their consumers.

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Physical Activity and Associated Socioeconomic Determinants in Rural and Urban Tanzania: Results from the 2012 WHO-STEPS Survey

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

Obesity epidemic in urban Tanzania: a public health calamity in an already overwhelmed and fragmented health system

Obesity epidemic in urban Tanzania: a public health calamity in an already overwhelmed and fragmented health system

Obesity Epidemic in Urban Tanzania: A Public Health Calamity in an already Overwhelmed and Fragmented Health System.

Prevalence and Correlates of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Regular Street Food Consumers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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