Phylogeography and cryptic speciation in theMyrmica scabrinodisNylander, 1846 species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and their conservation implications

Abstract

Myrmica scabrinodis is one of the commonest European ant species, but field observations of variable ecology and behaviour have suggested the existence of several ecotypes or even cryptic species within this ant. To address this hypothesis, we reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of M. scabrinodis and 15 related species based on 1089 base pairs of mitochondrial genes cytochrome B (Cyt‐B) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). We show that two major lineages occur throughout Europe. The observed sequence divergence between the two M. scabrinodis lineages is similar to or greater than that observed between the other investigated species. On a local scale, the lineages are both observed at the wet and dry extremes of the overall M. scabrinodis niche distribution, but analysis of the Myrmica communities in two sympatric populations shows that lineage B tends to avoid the drier habitat patches. Our inferred phylogenetic relationship of intra‐ and inter‐specific mitochondrial lineages within the M. scabrinodis species group in general shows several inconsistencies with the presently accepted taxonomy, suggesting the potential existence of more unrecognised cryptic species. The separate status of other species is not supported, particularly the differentiation between Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica lonae, and specimens identified as Myrmica tulinae have highly inconsistent mitochondrial haplotypes, suggesting that the morphology associated with this taxon does not reflect phylogeny. The existence of multiple lineages within M. scabrinodis, and the apparent synonymy between M. lonae and M. sabuleti has implications for the conservation of Maculinea butterflies, for which these are major hosts.

Changes in host ant communities of Alcon Blue butterflies in abandoned mountain hay meadows

“…Whether this represents true species loss or a temporal change in a plastic phenotype remains to be clarified. The continued or increasing dominance of M. scabrinodis on three of the sites is noteworthy, but is difficult to interpret as there seem to be at least two divergent lineages within this species that differ in their habitat requirements (Ebsen et al ., ) and may also differ in their suitability as hosts of Maculinea butterflies (Tartally et al ., ).…”

Two Distinct Genotypes of Spissistilus festinus (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera, Membracidae) in the United States Revealed by Phylogenetic and Morphological Analyses

“…Understanding the biological implications of different S. festinus genotypes or potential cryptic species, is of interest. Cryptic species with distinct features have been described for diverse insects [9,[36][37][38]. For example, one of the cryptic species of the mosquito genus Aedes does not carry the gram-negative bacterium Wolbachia [39].…”

The book in review: The Ants of Central and North Europe

“…Of course, also the most sophisticated morphological approaches may go astray. The elevation of Myrmica lonae to species level by Seifert (2000) was recently doubted by Ebsen et al (2019) on the basis of mtDNAdata, which may be fatally misleading when two good species hybridise as many ant species do. It may, however, be possible that M. lonae is rather an ecomorph or ecotype of M. sabuleti as indicated by cuticular chemistry (K. Vepsäläinen, T. Akino, R. Savolainen & P. Punttila, unpublished manuscript).…”