Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt

Li, Ruiyun; Adel, Amany; Bohlin, Jon; Lundkvist, Åke; Olsén, Björn; Pettersson, John H.‐O.; Naguib, Mahmoud M.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00392

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…In addition to their circulation in birds, sporadic transmission to humans have been reported with LPAI H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh, China, Egypt, and Pakistan [ 4 ], posing a threat to public health. To date, LPAI H9N2 viruses have evolved into multiple genotypes and lineages, mainly in Southeast Asia and the Middle East [ 5 ]. The LPAI H9N2 viruses of the lineage G1 are the most dominant among domestic poultry and circulate mainly in countries of the Middle East.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The virus showed a close phylogenetic relationship to G1-like viruses [ 9 ]. Over the past 10 years, LPAI H9N2 viruses have continued to hit Egyptian poultry farms, causing considerable losses for the poultry industry [ 1 , 5 ]. The virus continued to evolve, and a new antigenically distinct variant was found in quail in 2014 (quail/2014 variant) [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Adel

Abdelmagid

Mohamed

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the most prevalent influenza subtypes in domestic poultry. Several different variants and genotypes of LPAI H9N2 viruses have been reported in Egypt, but little is known about their pathogenicity and how they have evolved. In this study, four different Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses were genetically and antigenically characterized and compared to representative H9N2 viruses from G1 lineage. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of three genetically distinct Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses was assessed by experimental infection in chickens. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the H9N2 virus of the Egy-2 G1-B lineage (pigeon-like) has become the dominant circulating H9N2 genotype in Egypt since 2016. Considerable variation in virus shedding at day 7 post-infections was detected in infected chickens, but no significant difference in pathogenicity was found between the infected groups. The rapid spread and emergence of new genotypes of the influenza viruses pinpoint the importance of continuous surveillance for the detection of novel reassortant viruses, as well as monitoring the viral evolution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Adel

Abdelmagid

Mohamed

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…The distribution of poultry breeding is associated with population density and the urban/rural divide among different governorates in Egypt. It was reported that governorates in Middle Egypt (Giza, Fayoum, and Bani-Sweef) are major centers in the LPAIV H9N2 transmission network in the country [ 26 ]. The differences in the prevalence of H9N2 AIV infection among governorates and regions might be associated with the density of chickens and the movement of birds between cities and governorates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in Egypt 2015-2016

El-Sayed¹,

Arafa²,

Abdelmagid³

et al. 2021

Vet World

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Background and Aim: LPAI H9N2 infection among the poultry population in Egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial and backyard chickens in Egypt. A 2-year survey of H9N2 AIV in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016. Materials and Methods: Direct detection of H9N2 AIV was performed by detecting the virus in tracheal and cloacal swabs using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. A total of 20,421 samples were collected from chickens in farms and backyards in 26 Egyptian governorates. Results: In 2015, cases positive for H9N2 AIV numbered 388 (3.9%) out of 10,016 examined cases. However, in 2016, the total positive cases numbered 447 (4.3%) out of 10,405 examined cases. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV among chickens on commercial farms was 4.6% out of the 16,666 chickens examined. The rates of positive cases in 2015 and 2016 were 4.4% (349/7884) and 4.7% (417/8782), respectively. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV in backyard chickens was 1.8% (69/3755). The rates of positive cases in backyard chickens were 1.8% (39/2132) in 2015 and again 1.8% (30/1623) in 2016. The highest positivity rate of H9N2 in chicken farms was in Beni-Suef (61.5%) (8/13), whereas the highest positivity rate in backyard chickens was in Fayoum (8.2%) (8/97). Conclusion: The analysis of H9N2 infections among chicken farms and in backyard chickens in the different governorates of Egypt over 2 years indicated widespread infection throughout the country. Thus, continuous surveillance and implementation of control programs are warranted.

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“…This virus subtype is very common in wild mallards 41, 50, 51 and has been demonstrated to infect gallinaceous birds including pheasants and quails 52 as well as chickens 53 . On the other hand, the unsuccessful infection in chickens with the H9N2 subtype was unexpected as LPAIV H9N2 is endemic in chickens in many countries 54 . The fact that the HA gene of our H9N2 isolate was phylogenetically distinct from chicken endemic H9N2 isolates suggests the importance of sublineages within the same AIV subtype that seem to be adapted to different host species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing interspecies transmission barriers of avian influenza A viruses

Naguib

Eriksson

Jax

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics result from interspecies transmission events within the avian reservoir and further to mammals including humans. Investigating molecular virus–host interactions dictating this process and the adaptations to the new hosts that follow is vital to understand zoonotic IAV spread. Receptor incompatibility has been suggested to limit zoonotic IAV transmission from the wild bird reservoir. Other barriers to interspecies transmission, particularly within the avian system, largely remain elusive. Through assessment of infection dynamics of mallard origin IAV in two different avian hosts, coupled with studies of receptor expression and host response we aimed to reveal the host-pathogen interactions in a cross-species transmission event. We found that shedding patterns and innate immune responses were highly dependent on viral genotypes, host species and inoculation routes, but less dependent on receptor expression. Further, in contrary to the prevailing dogma we demonstrate that birds can produce a wide range of different sialylated structures also found in mammals, e.g. extended N- and O-linked Neu5Acα2,6 terminated glycans. Overall, receptor incompatibility is not the sole transmission barrier for IAV between birds and to humans, but other host-pathogen factors deserve dedicated studies to achieve proper pandemic preparedness.

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Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in Egypt 2015-2016

Revealing interspecies transmission barriers of avian influenza A viruses

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