Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures

Abstract

We reconstructed a preliminary phylogeny for the economically important tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) based on 135 exemplar species (including four outgroups) and a combined analyses of 28S rDNA and COI DNA using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. A summary tree was produced as the majority rule consensus tree by first assembling all clades that were present in more than 50% of analyses. Based on the results of the analyses, several taxonomic changes are suggested. After mapping secondary sexual characters (SSCs), host plant breadth, and geographic distribution onto the phylogeny, we examined correspondences among these traits using two-bytwo χ 2 tests and ancestral character state reconstructions. Absence of SSCs was associated with decreased host plant breadth and colonization of the New World, but was not significantly associated with the presence of other SSCs. There is a strong likelihood of an Australasian origin for Archipini. We propose the synonymy of Archepandemis Mutuura with Pandemis Hübner (new synonymy); the synonymy of Cudonigera Obraztsov & Powell with Choristoneura Lederer (new synonymy); and elevation of Anaphelia Razowski, Sacaphelia Razowski, and Zelotherses Lederer to genera from subgenera of Aphelia Hübner (revised status). Epiphyas Turner, may be subordinate within Clepsis Guenée, but further study is needed to confirm this.

Genus delimitation, biogeography and diversification ofChoristoneuraLederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) based on molecular evidence

“…We assembled a molecular dataset for each specimen comprising 1528 bp from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), and 922 bp from the D2 and D3 regions of the 28S rDNA gene (28S). This taxon sampling was augmented with 176 specimens from previous studies (Sperling & Hickey, ; Lee et al ., ; Hulcr et al ., ; Roe & Sperling, ; Lumley & Sperling, , ; Miller et al ., ; Son & Kim, ; Zhao et al ., , 2016; Zhu et al ., ; Dombroskie & Sperling, ; Shi et al ., ; Wu et al ., , ; Timmermans et al ., ; Niu et al ., ; Fagua et al . , b; see Appendix File S2 for GenBank accession numbers and specimens).…”

“…Lepidoptera, especially moths, are major components of ecosystem dynamics, influencing plant growth and transforming biomass (Miller et al ., ). Leafroller moths (Tortricidae) comprise one of the most species‐rich groups of Lepidoptera with almost 11 000 species and 22 tribes, of which Archipini is one of the most diverse, with more than 1700 described species (Horak & Brown, ; Brown et al ., ; Dombroskie & Sperling, ; Gilligan et al ., ). The best‐studied modulators of forest dynamics are in the genus Choristoneura Lederer, which is well known for its pest species (Cooke et al ., ; Nealis, ).…”

“…Other well‐known species are the large aspen tortrix, C. conflictana (Walker), and a pest of plants in the rose family, C. rosaceana (Harris) (Reissig, ; Holsten & Hard, ). Previous studies on the phylogeny of Choristoneura have dealt with the morphology of species from North America and Eurasia based on male genitalia (Dang, ) or were included in commentaries or reviews (Razowski, , , , , ; Jinbo, ), while molecular phylogenetic studies have focused on the SBW complex (Sperling & Hickey, , ; Lumley & Sperling, , ; Dupuis et al ., ) and Archipini (Dombroskie & Sperling, ). Despite continuing attention, the delimitation of the genus remains unresolved and a stable phylogeny is lacking, due in part to low taxon sampling of key species (e.g.…”

“…Here we reconstruct a phylogeny for the genus Choristoneura using DNA sequence data to redefine the limits of the genus. We rely on comprehensive sampling of Choristoneura species within a large outgroup array of Archipini and Tortricidae (Dombroskie & Sperling ; Fagua et al ., , ) to test hypotheses of the phylogenetic positions of key species, with a focus on A. occidentalis , a tropical species transferred to Choristoneura . We also generate a time‐calibrated tree and examine biogeographic and diversification processes for the genus.…”

Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms

“…Epitymbiini was recovered as either the sister group of Archipini (node 43; Appendix S8) or inside Archipini (Appendices S6, S7, S9). The clade Diche-lia+Epitymbia was one of the topologies recovered by Dombroskie and Sperling (2013) in an analysis of Archipini. Based on our results and those of Dombroskie and Sperling (2013), we consider Epitymbiini to be part of Archipini.…”