Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n.

Abstract

In a preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae (Schneider 1992), members of the subfamilies Protocardiinae, Lahilliinae, and Laevicardiinae, plus the genus Nemocardium, were found to be the least derived taxa of cardiids. A cladistic analysis is undertaken of the genera and subgenera of these cardiid taxa, plus several Mesozoic taxa which have never been assigned to any subfamily. The Late Triassic Tulongocardium, which is placed in Tulongocardiinae subfam. n., is the sister taxon to all other cardiids. Protocardiinae is restricted to the genus Protocardia. Most other Mesozoic taxa which have been placed in the Protocardiinae are found to be members of the Lahilliinae. Nemocardium is placed in the Laevicardiinae. Incacardium, Pleuriocardia, and Dochmocardia form a monophyletic group, Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Pleuriocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, and the remaining members of the Cardiidae (herein informally termed “cucardiids”) form a monophyletic group.

Sedimentology, Paleontology, and Sequence Stratigraphy of Early Permian Estuarine Deposits, South-Central New Mexico, USA

“…Stratigraphic range.-Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Holocene (Cox & others, 1969;Baumgarte, 1973). Cox and others (1969) assigned it a Jurassic-Holocene range, as did authors who suggested a Hettangian origin for Astarte (Hallam, 1987(Hallam, , 1990Schneider, 1995;Sepkoski, 2002). But other authors considered a Late Triassic origin (Marincovich, Barinov, & Oleinik, 2002).…”

Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian) bivalves from the Karai Formation, Uttattur Group, of the Cauvery Basin, south India

“…The presence in some living Cardiidae, for example, those of the genus Fragum, of a moreor-less straight, truncated, posterior margin, meeting the ventral margin at an angle up to 90 9 , has been shown to be associated with the presence of photo-symbiotic xoozanthellae in the mantle tissues (Kawaguti 1950, Ohno et al 1995 andreferences). Inferred possible examples of this association in the fossil record, involving groups as old as the Permian, are reported by Ohno et al (1995) Subfamily Laevicardiinae Keen, 1936 Remarks Phylogenetic studies of cardiid bivalves by Schneider (1995Schneider ( , 1998Schneider ( , 2002 and by Schneider and Carter (2001) Other material ARI G2710, one LV, two RVs (fragments), Odiyam Locality 1; G2711, five LVs, two RVs, Locality 1; G2769, one RV, Locality 2; G2843, one LV, Locality 2; G2916, two LVs, one RV, Locality 3. Total of 15 single valves.…”

The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species

“…However, in his cladistic analysis of Cardiidae, Schneider (1995) restricted this subfamily to a group of extinct Mesozoic taxa and classif ied Nemocardium in Laevicardiinae, together with the subgenera Frigidocardium, Microcardium, Trifaricardium and Pratulum. These taxa were raised to genus by ter Poorten (2013).…”