Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised

Lineage-specific molecular probing reveals novel diversity and ecological partitioning of haplosporidians

“…Relationships between the four haplosporidian genera and their ascetosporean relatives were concordant with previous studies (Reece et al, 2004;Bass et al, 2009), in that Minchinia and Bonamia are resolved as monophyletic sister clades with moderate support. Together with novel lineages A and B, these are weakly sister to a large assemblage, including all Haplosporidium spp.…”

“…The sequence databases (Genbank nr/nt, BioMarKs and CAMERA) have much higher representation of non-haplosporidian Ascetosporea than true haplosporidians themselves, that is, sequences related to the copepod parasite Paradinium (clade ENDO-3; Figure 1b) (Skovgaard and Daugbjerg, 2008;Bass et al, 2009) and the phylogenetically unstable environmental clone DQ504354 and Endo-2 (Ló pez- Garcıa et al, 2006). This may be because the sequences in these clades are less divergent than most haplosporidia (they were first detected with general or cercozoan-specific primers that never amplified true haplosporidia despite extensive sampling (Bass and Cavalier-Smith, 2004;Bass et al, 2009)).…”

“…This may be because the sequences in these clades are less divergent than most haplosporidia (they were first detected with general or cercozoan-specific primers that never amplified true haplosporidia despite extensive sampling (Bass and Cavalier-Smith, 2004;Bass et al, 2009)). Additionally it may be because some of their few known hosts (copepods and praw n in the case of Endo-3) are more widely distributed at global and local scales than hosts of many haplosporidia.…”

“…(Pichot et al, 1980;Carnegie et al, 2006)) and agents of several decapod crustacean diseases (Stentiford et al, 2004;Utari et al, 2012). The reticulate amoebae, Filoreta and Gromia, are the closest known free-living relatives; phytomyxids, vampyrellids and other Cercozoa are more distantly related (Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2003;Bass et al, 2009). There are currently four recognised haplosporidian genera: (1) Bonamia: four described species, all economically important oyster parasites in temperate waters; (2) Minchinia: a sparsely recorded genus of five species with sequence data from molluscs from the US Atlantic coast, Western Australia and Europe; (3) Urosporidium: one described species with sequence data (U. crescens; (Flores et al, 1996) and another sequenced specimen (Reece et al, 2004), both occurring as hyperparasites of trematode worms; and (4) Haplosporidium: the most intensively studied and diverse genus (approximately 40 species to date) and perhaps paraphyletic (Burreson and Ford, 2004).…”

Vampires in the oceans: predatory cercozoan amoebae in marine habitats

“…It is only recently that the first small-subunit ribosomal DNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequences became available for any vampyrellids (Bass et al, 2009). Three large, branched, naked soil amoebae, one tentatively identified as Arachnula impatiens, and the others attributed to a new genus Platyreta, were shown to be closely related and part of a diverse lineage known up to then only from environmental sequences ('Novel Clade 8' in Bass and CavalierSmith, 2004).…”