Phylogeny, Molecular and Fossil Dating, and Biogeographic History of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales)

Abstract

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Dispersals of Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae (Solanaceae) from the New World to Eurasia in the early Miocene and their biogeographic diversification within Eurasia

“…For example, the classical trans-Atlantic distributions of many plants have been considered associated with the breakup of Africa and South America (Raven and Axelrod, 1974;Wu et al, 2003). However, these two landmasses separated from each other 100-120 million years ago (mya) (Bauer, 1993;Hay et al, 1999), and vicariance may be appropriate only to interpret the distributions of some anciently diverged plant taxa, such as Annonaceae and Alstroemeriaceae -Luzuriagaceae, that were dated to Cretaceous (Doyle et al, 2004;Vinnersten and Bremer, 2001). Many plant taxa disjunct between Eurasia and North America may represent elements of the once continuous Arcto-Tertiary or boreal floras in the Tertiary (Li, 1952;Tiffney, 1985;Tiffney and Manchester, 2001).…”

Pollen morphology within theMonodoraclade, a diverse group of five African Annonaceae genera

“…The genus Anaxagorea is sister to the rest of the family on the basis of morphological (Doyle & Le Thomas, 1994, 1996, molecular (Richardson et al, 2004) and combined data (Doyle et al, 2000(Doyle et al, , 2004. Anaxagorea is characterized by monosulcate pollen with a granular infratectum.…”

Fossil calibration of Magnoliidae, an ancient lineage of angiosperms

“…Previous molecular dating analyses of Magnoliidae have been carried out either at an intra-ordinal level (e.g., Chanderbali et al, 2001;Doyle et al, 2004;Pirie et al, 2006;Smith et al, 2008;Marquínez et al, 2009;Pirie and Doyle, 2012) or at the level of angiosperms and higher (e.g., Bell et al, 2005Bell et al, , 2010Moore et al, 2007;Soltis et al, 2008;Magallón and Castillo, 2009;Magallón, 2010;Smith et al, 2010). A maximum of six calibration points have been used so far within the group (Magallón and Castillo, 2009).…”

“…Archaeanthus has been used to provide calibration points within Magnoliidae in studies focused on angiosperms (Magallón and Castillo, 2009) and on Annonaceae (Doyle et al, 2004;Richardson et al, 2004;Pirie et al, 2006;Couvreur et al, 2008;Erkens et al, 2009;Su and Saunders, 2009;Pirie and Doyle, 2012). The great majority of these analyses used this fossil as a minimum age constraint of 98 Ma for the node recommended in the present study (stem Magnoliaceae; Doyle et al, 2004;Richardson et al, 2004;Pirie et al, 2006;Couvreur et al, 2008;Erkens et al, 2009;Su and Saunders, 2009). Only Magallón and Castillo (2009) used the age we recommend (96.5 Ma), whereas Pirie and Doyle (2012) used an age of 100 Ma.…”

“…For example, for the US Atlantic Coastal Plain, these reference sections are in the US Western Interior and Gulf Coast (Hedlund and Norris, 1968;Ward, 1986;Ludvigson et al, 2010) and western Europe (Góczán et al, 1967;Kemp, 1970;Laing, 1975;Hughes, 1994;Heimhofer et al, 2005Heimhofer et al, , 2007Hochuli et al, 2006), which belonged to the same Southern Laurasian phytogeographic province of Brenner (1976;see Doyle, 1969asee Doyle, , 1977see Doyle, , 1992Wolfe and Pakiser, 1971;Doyle and Hickey, 1976;Doyle and Robbins, 1977;Christopher, 1979;Christopher et al, 1999;Christopher and Prowell, 2010). Some of these fossils, or others from the same localities, have been used for calibration in previous molecular dating studies (Doyle et al, 2004;Magallón and Castillo, 2009;Clarke et al, 2011;Pirie and Doyle, 2012). In some cases, Clarke et al (2011) proposed much younger minimum ages than those recommended here because of conflicting conclusions of earlier authors on the phylogenetic position of fossils or on stratigraphic correlations.…”