Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology of Modern Seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini)

Livezey, Bradley C.

doi:10.2307/1368999

Cited by 93 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The opposite was true among the Mergini: the highest number of between-species differences were recorded in mean values of indices involving the whole brain and its parts and the body weight. The differences were most often observed between Clangula hyemalis and Bucephala clangula [Livezey, 1995], the most light-weight within the tribe and the 6 remaining sea ducks; the indices calculated for C. hyemalis and B. clangula being the highest in the tribe. The two species, in turn, differed significantly in the following 4 indices: E/BW, OT/BW, BS/BW and H/BW (higher in B. clangula); on the other hand, none of the intracerebral indices showed significant differences, as documented in tables 2 and 5.…”

Section: Taxonomic Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The taxonomy used follows that of Livezey [1991Livezey [ , 1995Livezey [ , 1996Livezey [ , 1997. Due to the small number of species representing the Anserini and Cygnini, the two tribes are treated here as a single group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pattern looks very similar, and spectacular, in the case of the most light-weight Mergini: Clangula hyemalis and Bucephala clangula (the highest E/BW within the tribe) versus the remaining sea ducks. Although Livezey [1995Livezey [ , 1997 combined the two species, along with other representatives of the genus Mergus, to form the supergenus Mergus, the relative brain size cannot be regarded as a trait common to all those birds. Most clearly, E/BW does not depend on 256 Brain Behav Evol 2005;65:244-261 Kalisiń ska the taxonomic position of a species within the Anseriformes; instead, it is mainly affected by body weight and probably by behavioral and ecological adaptations.…”

Section: Taxonomic Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anseriform Brain and Its Parts versus Taxonomic and Ecological Categories

Kalisińska

2005

Brain Behav Evol

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The size of the brain and its macro-anatomical parts in 206 birds representing 19 anseriform species and 4 tribes (Anserini, Anatini, Aythyini and Mergini) was the subject of a comparative analysis. The comparisons involved two aspects: taxonomic (differences among species within tribes and differences among tribes) and ecological (diet composition: vegetation, invertebrates, or fish and the foraging mode: browsing, dabbling, shallow diving, and deep diving). The relative size of the encephalon (E) and its parts (optic tectum, OT; cerebellum, C; brain stem, BS; hemispheres, H) were described using appropriate indices. Five of them, called the cerebral-body indices (E/BW, OT/BW, C/BW, BS/BW, H/BW), involved a ratio between the weight of E or its parts and that of the body (BW). Four intracerebral indices (OT/E, C/E, BS/E, H/E) and allometric equations were used as well. Almost all the indices showed a high intraspecific variability within the Anserini and Mergini; on the other hand, the intracerebral indices did not differ between the species of the Anatini and Aythyini (except for OT/E in the Aythyini). Between-tribe differences were reflected in all 9 indices. The birds feeding on different diets were found to differ in their OT/E and H/E. The herbivorous anserifom OT/E was clearly lower than that of those birds feeding on invertebrates and fish. The highest OT/E was that of the piscivorous birds. In terms of foraging mode, significant differences were revealed in 7 out of the 9 indices used (differences in OT/BW and C/BW proved non-significant). OT/E of the browsing birds was clearly lower than that of the deep diving ducks; BS/E of the browsers was much lower than that of the dabbling and shallow diving ducks. Geese and swans (browsers) showed much higher H/E compared to the deep diving sea ducks. The latter revealed the highest C/E, but significant differences were detected only in comparison with C/E of the shallow diving ducks. The taxonomic (among tribes) and ecological comparisons showed more differences in the intracerebral indices than in the cerebral-body indices.

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Section: Taxonomic Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anseriform Brain and Its Parts versus Taxonomic and Ecological Categories

Kalisińska

2005

Brain Behav Evol

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“…A phylogeny of the mammal species used here was reconstructed from the information provided by Garland and Janis (1993), de Jong (1998), Morand and Poulin (1998), Simmons (1998), Randi et al (1998), andBininda-Emonds et al (1999). The avian phylogeny used here was that proposed by Sibley and Ahlquist (1991), supplemented by information on relationships among Anatidae from Livezey (1991Livezey ( , 1995. Branch lengths in the mammalian phylogeny were only available for certain parts of the tree; therefore, branch lengths estimates were derived using the method proposed by Grafen (1989).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation and diversification of parasite lineages: an analysis of congeneric parasite species in vertebrates

Poulin

1999

Evolutionary Ecology

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Abstract. The evolutionary diversi®cation of living organisms is a central research theme in evolutionary ecology, and yet it remains dicult to infer the action of evolutionary processes from patterns in the distribution of rates of diversi®cation among related taxa. Using data from helminth parasite communities in 76 species of birds and 114 species of mammals, the in¯uence of four factors that may either be associated with or modulate rates of parasite speciation were examined in a comparative analysis. Two measures of the relative number of congeneric parasite species per host species were used as indices of parasite diversi®cation, and related to host body mass, host density, latitude, and whether the host is aquatic or terrestrial. The occurrence of congeneric parasites was not distributed randomly with respect to these factors. Aquatic bird species tended to harbour more congeneric parasites than terrestrial birds. Large-bodied mammal species, or those living at low latitudes, harboured more congeneric parasites than small-bodied mammals, or than those from higher latitudes. Host density had no apparent association with either measures of parasite diversi®cation. These patterns, however, re¯ect only the present-day distribution of parasite diversi®cation among host taxa, and not the evolutionary processes responsible for diversi®cation, because the apparent eects of the factors investigated disappeared once corrections were made for host phylogeny. This indicates that features other than host body size, host density, latitude, and whether the habitat is terrestrial or aquatic, have been the key driving forces in the diversi®cation of parasitic helminth lineages.

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“…Substantial genetic divergence exists between North American and European forms of M. merganser for nuclear and mtDNA (Hefti-Gautschi et al 2009) and Pearce et al (2009b) noted that wintering samples from the Russian Far East exhibited genetic characteristics of both forms. In a cladistic analysis of morphological characters, Livezey (1995) found that M. squamatus was more closely related to the ground nesting red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) than to the cavity nesting M. merganser. However, our study of male courtship displays and breeding behavior suggests that M. squamatus is closer to M. merganser, differing significantly from M. serrator (D.V.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative mitochondrial genetics of North American and Eurasian mergansers with an emphasis on the endangered scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus)

Solovyeva

Pearce

2011

Conserv Genet

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The scaly-sided merganser, Mergus squamatus, is considered one of the most threatened sea duck species in the Palearctic with limited breeding and wintering distribution in China and Russia. To provide information for future conservation efforts, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region in four species of mergansers and three additional sea duck taxa to characterize the evolutionary history of the scaly-sided merganser, infer population trends that may have led to its limited geographic distribution, and to compare indices of genetic diversity among species of mergansers. Scaly-sided mergansers exhibit substantially lower levels of mtDNA genetic diversity (h = 0.292, p = 0.0007) than other closely related sea ducks and many other avian taxa. The four haplotypes observed differed by a single base pair suggesting that the species has not experienced a recent population decline but has instead been at a low population level for some time. A phylogenetic analysis placed the scaly-sided merganser basal to North American and European forms of the common merganser, M. merganser. Our inclusion of a small number of male samples doubled the number of mtDNA haplotypes observed, suggesting that additional genetic variation likely exists within the global population if there is immigration of males from unsampled breeding areas.

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Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology of Modern Seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini)

Cited by 93 publications

References 41 publications

Anseriform Brain and Its Parts versus Taxonomic and Ecological Categories

Anseriform Brain and Its Parts versus Taxonomic and Ecological Categories

Speciation and diversification of parasite lineages: an analysis of congeneric parasite species in vertebrates

Comparative mitochondrial genetics of North American and Eurasian mergansers with an emphasis on the endangered scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus)

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