“…Although recent studies have found difficulties in resolving early branches of Ostariophysi and other clades using exons or UCEs (Chakrabarty et al, 2017;Betancur-R et al, 2019;Alda et al, 2021), the implementation of a method that assembles more than a thousand loci is relevant to reconstruct molecular phylogenies in many situations. More recently, a new ultraconserved element (UCE) probe set was designed to capture 2,708 UCE loci for Ostariophysi (Faircloth et al, 2020) which has been used to construct molecular supermatrices and to time-calibrate the diversification of many ostariophysan clades (Alda et al, 2018(Alda et al, , 2021Roxo et al, 2019;Mateussi et al, 2020;Ochoa et al, 2020;Silva et al, 2021a,b;Melo et al, 2022;Souza et al, 2022). In this context, our study aims to test the phylogenetic position of the rare and uniquely fossorial Tarumania using genomic data and estimate its timing of diversification relative to Erythrinoidea s.s. and other Characiformes.…”