Phylogenomic analyses and improved resolution of Cetartiodactyla

Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Yan, Yang; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.009

Cited by 78 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Later microchiropteran bat fossils show a dramatic increase in the relative size of their cochleae, similar to modern species, suggesting that the use of ultrasonic echolocation in this group developed less than 50 Ma ago. Microchiropteran prestins also evolved rapidly during this time and, as noted, developed characteristic molecular features that also evolved independently in toothed whales, whose evolution began much later (about 35 Ma ago;McGowan et al 2009;Zhou et al 2011). These whales were large, of course, but were able to use high frequencies because, as water dwellers, they were able to abandon their "land-lubber" middle ear (Nummela et al 2007), whose frequency response is strongly correlated with body size.…”

Section: When Did Mammals Develop High-frequency and Ultrasonic Hearing?mentioning

confidence: 83%

Evolutionary Paths to Mammalian Cochleae

Manley

2012

JARO

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Evolution of the cochlea and high-frequency hearing (920 kHz; ultrasonic to humans) in mammals has been a subject of research for many years. Recent advances in paleontological techniques, especially the use of micro-CT scans, now provide important new insights that are here reviewed. True mammals arose more than 200 million years (Ma) ago. Of these, three lineages survived into recent geological times. These animals uniquely developed three middle ear ossicles, but these ossicles were not initially freely suspended as in modern mammals. The earliest mammalian cochleae were only about 2 mm long and contained a lagena macula. In the multituberculate and monotreme mammalian lineages, the cochlea remained relatively short and did not coil, even in modern representatives. In the lineage leading to modern therians (placental and marsupial mammals), cochlear coiling did develop, but only after a period of at least 60 Ma. Even Late Jurassic mammals show only a 270°cochlear coil and a cochlear canal length of merely 3 mm. Comparisons of modern organisms, mammalian ancestors, and the state of the middle ear strongly suggest that high-frequency hearing (920 kHz) was not realized until the early Cretaceous (~125 Ma). At that time, therian mammals arose and possessed a fully coiled cochlea. The evolution of modern features of the middle ear and cochlea in the many later lineages of therians was, however, a mosaic and different features arose at different times. In parallel with cochlear structural evolution, prestins in therian mammals evolved into effective components of a new motor system. Ultrasonic hearing developed quite late-the earliest bat cochleae (~60 Ma) did not show features characteristic of those of modern bats that are sensitive to high ultrasonic frequencies.

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Section: When Did Mammals Develop High-frequency and Ultrasonic Hearing?mentioning

confidence: 83%

Evolutionary Paths to Mammalian Cochleae

Manley

2012

JARO

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“…A well-accepted phylogeny of Laurasiatheria and primates was used as the input tree in all analyses. The topology of Laurasiatherian mammals was based on analyses of approximately 2.1 M base pairs (bp) of 1608 genes from 15 mammalian species [29] and approximately 1.4 M bp of 110 genes from 15 cetacean species [30], whereas the phylogeny of primates was based on approximately 8 M bp of 54 nuclear genes from 186 species [31]. We also used the concatenated two-exon ASPM dataset to estimate the phylogenetic relationships using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (see the electronic supplementary material, appendix S1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive selection at the ASPM gene coincides with brain size enlargements in cetaceans

Chen

Cheng

et al. 2012

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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The enlargement of cetacean brain size represents an enigmatic event in mammalian evolution, yet its genetic basis remains poorly explored. One candidate gene associated with brain size evolution is the abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated (ASPM), as mutations in this gene cause severe reductions in the cortical size of humans. Here, we investigated the ASPM gene in representative cetacean lineages and previously published sequences from other mammals to test whether the expansion of the cetacean brain matched adaptive ASPM evolution patterns. Our analyses yielded significant evidence of positive selection on the ASPM gene during cetacean evolution, especially for the Odontoceti and Delphinoidea lineages. These molecular patterns were associated with two major events of relative brain size enlargement in odontocetes and delphinoids. It is of particular interest to find that positive selection was restricted to cetaceans and primates, two distant lineages both characterized by a massive expansion of brain size. This result is suggestive of convergent molecular evolution, although no site-specific convergence at the amino acid level was found.

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“…1 ) [Kulemzina et al, 2009]. Molecular studies suggest that cetaceans and hippopotamuses are closely related [Zhou et al, 2011]. However, the comparative painting study did not reveal any rearrangement common to both taxa.…”

Section: Suborder Whippomorpha Infraorder Cetaceamentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics in Cetartiodactyla

Rubeš

Musilová

Kopečná

et al. 2012

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Cetartiodactyla comprises Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) and Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Artiodactyla is a large taxon represented by about 200 living species ranked in 10 families. Cetacea are classified into 13 families with almost 80 species. Many publications concerning karyotypic relationships in Cetartiodactyla have been published in previous decades. Formerly, the karyotypes of closely related species were compared by chromosome banding. Introduction of molecular cytogenetic methods facilitated comparative mapping between species with highly rearranged karyotypes and distantly related species. Such information is a prerequisite for the understanding of karyotypic phylogeny and the reconstruction of the karyotypes of common ancestors. This study summarizes the data on chromosome evolution in Cetartiodactyla, mainly derived from molecular cytogenetic studies. Traditionally, phylogenetic relationships of most groups have been estimated using morphological data. However, the results of some molecular studies of mammalian phylogeny are discordant with traditional conceptions of phylogeny. Cetartiodactyls provide several examples of incongruence between traditional morphological and molecular data. Such cases of conflict include the relationships of the major clades of artiodactyls, the relationships among the extant families of the suborder Ruminantia or the phylogeny of the family Bovidae. The most unexpected aspect of the molecular phylogeny was the recognition that Cetacea is a deeply nested member of Artiodactyla. The largest living order of terrestrial hoofed mammals is the even-toed hoofed mammals, or Artiodactyla. The artiodactyls are composed of over 190 living species including pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, llamas, deer, pronghorns, giraffes, sheep, goats, cattle and antelopes. Cetacea is an order of wholly aquatic mammals, which include whales, dolphins and porpoises. Cetartiodactyla has become the generally accepted name for the clade containing both of these orders.

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Phylogenomic analyses and improved resolution of Cetartiodactyla

Cited by 78 publications

References 93 publications

Evolutionary Paths to Mammalian Cochleae

Evolutionary Paths to Mammalian Cochleae

Positive selection at the ASPM gene coincides with brain size enlargements in cetaceans

Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics in Cetartiodactyla

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