Phylogenetics of Puya (Bromeliaceae): Placement, major lineages, and evolution of Chilean species

Abstract

Puya (Bromeliaceae), a large genus of terrestrial bromeliads found throughout a range of elevations in the Andes and central Chile, is of great systematic, evolutionary, and biogeographical interest. This first molecular phylogenetic study of Puya and related bromeliads employs matK, trnS-trnG, rps16, and PHYC sequences. Chloroplast DNA, nuclear DNA, and combined DNA data all place Puya closest to subfamily Bromelioideae. Nuclear and combined data support Puya as monophyletic, and the two subgenera are nonmonophyletic. All data indicate that the Chilean species of Puya are early diverging within the genus, consistent with Chilean genera as the first-diverging members of subfamily Bromelioideae. Central Chile is identified as a key region for understanding the biogeographical history of Bromeliaceae, as is true with other South American plant groups. A complicated history involving early chloroplast capture and later secondary hybridization and/or introgression is seen in Chilean lineages. These events help explain the occurrence of sterile inflorescence tips, floral color and shape, and leaf indument. The ecological radiation of Puya appears coincident with the final, recent rise of the Andes and subsequent high-elevation habitat diversification. Additionally, geographical distribution, rather than moisture or elevational adaptations, correlates to species relationships. Evolution of CAM photosynthesis has occurred multiple times.

Evolution along the crassulacean acid metabolism continuum

“…However, no attempt was made in this study to map the occurrence of CAM. DNA-based molecular phylogenies are well established for the Bromeliaceae (Crayn et al 2004;Barfuss et al 2005;Jabaily and Sytsma 2010). Carbon-isotopic ratios collected from 1873 of 2885 bromeliad species revealed that CAM photosynthesis and the epiphytic habit evolved a minimum of three times in this family (Crayn et al 2004).…”

Adaptive radiation, correlated and contingent evolution, and net species diversification in Bromeliaceae

“…)), Typhaceae (Typha + Sparganium): 69.5 ± 1.5 My, and crown Bromeliaceae: 19 ± 2.0 My) were obtained from the monocot-wide analysis of Givnish et al (2011). In all analyses, we constrained Puya to be monophyletic (Jabaily and Sytsma, 2010). BEAST analyses were run for 40 million generations, with samples taken every 2000 generations.…”

“…Very few natural hybrids have been detected among bromeliads via comparisons of nuclear vs. plastid trees, justifying the use of a plastid phylogeny alone to infer evolutionary relationships (see Schulte et al, 2009;Jabaily and Sytsma, 2010;Sass and Specht, 2010). Trees used were generated based on maximum likelihood (ML) (Givnish et al, 2011) and Bayesian inference (BI) using BEAST v 1.7.4 Drummond et al, 2012a).…”

Consideraciones sobre la sistemática de las familias y los géneros de plantas vasculares endémicos de Chile

“…La lista completa de los géneros endémicos y la bibliografía revisada se encuentra en las Tablas I, II y III. Smith & Till 1998, Zizka et al 1999, Horres et al 2000, Givnish et al 2011 Ochagavia* Smith & Till 1998, Horres et al 2000, Zizka et al 2002, Jabaily & Sytsma 2010, Givnish et al 2011 Cactaceae Copiapoa Ritter 1980, Barthlott & Hunt 1993, Charles 1998, Doweld 2001a, Nyffeler & Eggli 2010, Bárcenas et al 2011, Hernández-Hernández et al 2011Eriosyce Ritter 1980, Barthlott & Hunt 1993, Kattermann 1994, Hunt et al 2006, Nyffeler & Eggli 2010, Bárcenas et al 2011…”

“…En base al análisis molecular, Kieslingia es género hermano de Guynesomia Bonifacino & Sancho (también endémico de Chile), sin embargo, características morfológicas como tipo de capítulo, sinflorescencia y ápice de las hojas, sustentan la propuesta de un nuevo género (Saldivia et al 2014 (Givinish et al 2011). Sin embargo, los resultados de estos análisis no se consideran concluyentes por el reducido muestreo de taxa de Ochagavia, cuyas especies no siempre aparecen como un grupo monofilético (Jabaily & Sytsma 2010). Por lo tanto proponemos dejar ambos géneros hasta contar con una filogenia con un mejor muestreo de taxa y una mejor resolución.…”