Phylogenetic systematics of the genus<i>Gonatodes</i>(Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) in the Guayana region, with description of a new species from Venezuela

Schargel, Walter E.; Rivas, Gilson A.; Makowsky, Robert; Señaris, J. Celsa; Natera, Marco; Barros, Tito R.; Molina, César; Barrio-Amorós, César L.

doi:10.1080/14772000.2010.504757

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…purpurogularis does also exhibit the exceptionally reduced 2n = 16 karyotype. This montane species, closely related to G. falconensis and G. taniae , was known only from the type locality in Calderas (Barinas State, Venezuela), but was later also sampled from the southern tip of the Cordillera de Merida in western Venezuela [Esqueda, 2004;Schargel, 2008]. If the conspicuous 2n = 16 karyotype is also present in G .…”

Section: Cytogenetic Studies On Gonatodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G. falconensis , G. taniae and G. purpurogularis are 3 very closely related montane species, restricted to the Coastal Mountain range and the Cordillera de Merida in northern and northwestern Venezuela (montane group 2 = G . falconensis complex of Schargel [2008]). All 3 species are unique among Gonatodes in being only weakly sexually dimorphic in coloration relative to other species in this genus.…”

Section: Six Species (G Albogularis G Annularis G Hasemani Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their diploid chromosome numbers range between 2n = 16 and 2n = 40 and the fundamental numbers between FN = 31 and FN = 46. In G. taniae , a species known from only 2 localities in the Central Coastal Mountain range in northern Venezuela [Schargel, 2008], the lowest diploid chromosome number known for reptiles (2n = 16) was discovered [Schmid et al, 1994]. This completely biarmed karyotype was interpreted to be the final result of a repeated series of centric fusions starting from an ancestral karyotype with 2n = 32 telocentric chromosomes found in other Gonatodes species.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The amount, chromosomal location and composition of the constitutive heterochromatin, the number and location of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) as well as the patterns of repetitive telomeric DNA sequences were determined in G. falconensis from Venezuela. This species, which is closely related to G. taniae from a phylogenetic point of view [Schargel et al, 2010], also possesses an extremely reduced, completely biarmed karyotype with only 2n = 16 chromosomes. Although the karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae are very similar, there are discrete differences which clearly allow differentiating between both species.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Most species of Gonatodes exhibit strong sexual dichromatism: females are cryptic, whereas males usually have bright-colored markings (green, orange, red, yellow) on the head, body sides, and the underside of the tail [Rivero-Blanco, 1979]. In several species, the males are characterized by striking intra-populational coloration differences (male polychromatism), with some species having up to 4 different color morphs in the same locality [Schargel, 2008;Schargel et al, 2010;Rivero-Blanco and Schargel, 2012]. Most divergences in the genus Gonatodes occurred in the last half of the Cenozoic era ( ∼ 35 Mya), especially in the Oligocene and Miocene [Gamble et al, 2008].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cytogenetic Studies on Gonatodes (Reptilia, Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae)

Schmid

Steinlein²,

Feichtinger³

et al. 2014

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of 5 species of the reptile genus Gonatodes are described by means of conventional staining, banding analyses and in situ hybridization using a synthetic telomeric DNA probe. The amount, location and fluorochrome affinities of constitutive heterochromatin, the number and positions of nucleolus organizer regions, and the patterns of telomeric DNA sequences were determined for most of the species. The karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae from northern Venezuela are distinguished by their extraordinarily reduced diploid chromosome number of 2n = 16, which is the lowest value found so far in reptiles. In contrast to most other reptiles, both species have exclusively large biarmed (meta- and submetacentric) chromosomes. Comparison of the karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae with those of other Gonatodes species indicates that the exceptional 2n = 16 karyotype originated by a series of 8 centric fusions. The karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae are further characterized by the presence of considerable amounts of (TTAGGG)_n telomeric sequences in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes. These are probably not only relics of the centric fusion events, but a component of the highly repetitive DNA in the constitutive heterochromatin of the chromosomes. The genome sizes of 4 Gonatodes species were determined using flow cytometry. For comparative purposes, all previously published cytogenetic data on Gonatodes and other sphaerodactylids are included and discussed.

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Section: Cytogenetic Studies On Gonatodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Six Species (G Albogularis G Annularis G Hasemani Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Cytogenetic Studies on Gonatodes (Reptilia, Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae)

Schmid

Steinlein²,

Feichtinger³

et al. 2014

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Developmental Osteology of the Parafrontal Bones of the Sphaerodactylidae

Griffing

Daza

DeBoer

et al. 2017

The Anatomical Record

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Well-resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and ontogenetic data are often necessary for investigating the evolution of structural novelty. The Sphaerodactylidae comprises 12 genera of predominantly miniaturized geckos. The genera Aristelliger and Teratoscincus are exceptions, with taxa reaching snout-to-vent lengths far exceeding those of other sphaerodactylids. These two genera possess enigmatic, supraorbital ossifications-parafrontal bones-which are encountered nowhere else among squamates. At the time of their discovery, these structures were believed to be the result of evolutionary convergence. Although relationships between other sphaerodactylids remain unresolved, recent molecular and morphological data have supported a close relationship between Aristelliger and Teratoscincus. We investigated the ontogeny of parafrontal bones to better understand relationships between sphaerodactylid body size and the presence of parafrontals, and to evaluate whether ontogenetic data support the homology of parafrontals between Aristelliger and Teratoscincus. We hypothesize that the parafrontals of Aristelliger and Teratoscincus are homologous and that there is a threshold body size in sphaerodactylids below which parafrontals do not develop, thus explaining their absence from the miniaturized taxa. The presence of parafrontals was investigated in all sphaerodactylid genera using cleared-and-stained, radiographed, and skeletonized specimens. Total surface area of parafrontals was measured for seven species of Aristelliger and six species of Teratoscincus throughout their ontogeny. Histology was used to investigate the cellular composition of the parafrontals throughout their ontogeny. Our data suggest that parafrontals have evolved in parallel from a homologous, parafrontal precursor and that the onset of parafrontal development is not strictly dependent on a threshold body size. Anat Rec, 301:581-606, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The evolution of digit form inGonatodes(Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) and its bearing on the transition from frictional to adhesive contact in gekkotans

Russell

Baskerville

Gamble

et al. 2015

Journal of Morphology

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Although the phenomenon of adhesion in geckos has been intensively studied for over 200 years, our understanding of how the morphological apparatus associated with this arose is less clear. Indeed, whether or not all of the intricate morphological hierarchy that is implicated in the attachment and removal of the adhesive setae originated at the same time is unknown. To explore whether setae may have arisen prior to the other parts of this structural hierarchy, we undertook morphological observations of Gonatodes, an ancestrally padless, sphaerodatyline genus known to exhibit the expression of incipient subdigital pads in some species. Focusing on this geographically and morphologically well-circumscribed genus, for which intraspecific relationships are adequately known and ecology is quite well documented, allowed us to deduce trends in digit proportions, shape, scalation, and skeletal structure, and associate these with the micro-ornamentation of the subdigital surfaces. Our findings indicate that in Gonatodes, setae capable of inducing adhesion are present without the modifications of the digital musculotendinous, circulatory and skeletal systems that are generally considered to be necessary for the operation of a functional adhesive apparatus. The acquisition of these latter characteristics (independently in many lineages of gekkotans, and incipiently so in Anolis) may have been preceded by a suite of modifications of the digits that enhanced static clinging in relation to sit-and-wait predation and the ability to take refuge on surfaces unavailable to other taxa. These possibilities await further testing.

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Phylogenetic systematics of the genusGonatodes(Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) in the Guayana region, with description of a new species from Venezuela

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Cytogenetic Studies on Gonatodes (Reptilia, Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae)

Cytogenetic Studies on Gonatodes (Reptilia, Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae)

Developmental Osteology of the Parafrontal Bones of the Sphaerodactylidae

The evolution of digit form inGonatodes(Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) and its bearing on the transition from frictional to adhesive contact in gekkotans

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