“…Similar to other recent molecular phylogenies of the Diplostomoidea, the currently accepted Diplostomidae and Strigeidae were non-monophyletic. This was demonstrated and discussed in several recent studies (e. g. Blasco-Costa & Locke, 2017 ; Hernández-Mena et al, 2017 ; Locke et al, 2018 ; Achatz et al, 2019b , c , d , 2020 ; Queiroz et al, 2019); therefore, we do not describe details here. Fig.…”
Section: Molecular Phylogenymentioning
confidence: 53%
“…To avoid confusion, we use the terms prosoma and opisthosoma (e.g. Achatz et al, 2019a , c ) to reflect the fact that these parts of the body in diplostomoideans are not segments (e.g. unlike segments or proglottides in cestodes) and the terms forebody and hindbody are universally used to designate the parts of body posterior and anterior to the ventral sucker in distome digeneans.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While significant progress has been recently achieved in the molecular phylogenetics and systematics of the Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 and its major constituent lineages (e.g. Blasco-Costa & Locke, 2017 ; Hernández-Mena et al, 2017 ; Locke et al, 2018 ; Achatz et al, 2019b , c , d ; Queiroz et al, 2020 ), the Proterodiplostomidae remains one of the only diplostomoidean families to receive very little attention in molecular phylogenetic studies. This can be partly explained by the logistic challenges of obtaining fresh material from hosts that are often protected and difficult to collect.…”
The Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 is a relatively small family of diplostomoidean digeneans parasitising the intestines of reptilian hosts associated with freshwater environments in tropical and subtropical regions. The greatest diversity of proterodiplostomids is found in crocodilians, although some parasitise snakes and turtles. According to the most recent revision, the Proterodiplostomidae included 17 genera within 5 subfamilies. Despite the complex taxonomic structure of the family, availability of testable morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses and ancient hosts, molecular phylogenetic analyses of the group were practically lacking. Herein, we use novel DNA sequence data of the nuclear lsrRNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 gene from a broad range of proterodiplostomid taxa obtained from crocodilian, fish, and snake hosts on four continents to test the monophyly of the family and evaluate the present morphology-based classification system of the Proterodiplostomidae in comparison with the This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C7731 46C-F377-4C30-A73A-318D21119F9C. This article was published as an Online First article on the online publication date shown on this page. The article should be cited by using the doi number. This is the Version of Record.
“…Similar to other recent molecular phylogenies of the Diplostomoidea, the currently accepted Diplostomidae and Strigeidae were non-monophyletic. This was demonstrated and discussed in several recent studies (e. g. Blasco-Costa & Locke, 2017 ; Hernández-Mena et al, 2017 ; Locke et al, 2018 ; Achatz et al, 2019b , c , d , 2020 ; Queiroz et al, 2019); therefore, we do not describe details here. Fig.…”
Section: Molecular Phylogenymentioning
confidence: 53%
“…To avoid confusion, we use the terms prosoma and opisthosoma (e.g. Achatz et al, 2019a , c ) to reflect the fact that these parts of the body in diplostomoideans are not segments (e.g. unlike segments or proglottides in cestodes) and the terms forebody and hindbody are universally used to designate the parts of body posterior and anterior to the ventral sucker in distome digeneans.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While significant progress has been recently achieved in the molecular phylogenetics and systematics of the Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 and its major constituent lineages (e.g. Blasco-Costa & Locke, 2017 ; Hernández-Mena et al, 2017 ; Locke et al, 2018 ; Achatz et al, 2019b , c , d ; Queiroz et al, 2020 ), the Proterodiplostomidae remains one of the only diplostomoidean families to receive very little attention in molecular phylogenetic studies. This can be partly explained by the logistic challenges of obtaining fresh material from hosts that are often protected and difficult to collect.…”
The Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 is a relatively small family of diplostomoidean digeneans parasitising the intestines of reptilian hosts associated with freshwater environments in tropical and subtropical regions. The greatest diversity of proterodiplostomids is found in crocodilians, although some parasitise snakes and turtles. According to the most recent revision, the Proterodiplostomidae included 17 genera within 5 subfamilies. Despite the complex taxonomic structure of the family, availability of testable morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses and ancient hosts, molecular phylogenetic analyses of the group were practically lacking. Herein, we use novel DNA sequence data of the nuclear lsrRNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 gene from a broad range of proterodiplostomid taxa obtained from crocodilian, fish, and snake hosts on four continents to test the monophyly of the family and evaluate the present morphology-based classification system of the Proterodiplostomidae in comparison with the This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C7731 46C-F377-4C30-A73A-318D21119F9C. This article was published as an Online First article on the online publication date shown on this page. The article should be cited by using the doi number. This is the Version of Record.
“…4) was similar to other recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of the group (e.g. Blasco-Costa & Locke, 2017; Hernández-Mena et al ., 2017; Locke et al ., 2018; Achatz et al ., 2019b, c, d, 2020; Pérez-Ponce de León & Hernández-Mena, 2019; Queiroz et al ., 2020; Tkach et al ., 2020). Importantly, both the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae were non-monophyletic.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As noted in recent publications on diplostomoideans (e.g. Achatz et al ., 2019a, b, c; Tkach et al ., 2020), we use the terms prosoma and opisthosoma to refer to the distinct anterior and posterior regions of the body.…”
Sphincterodiplostomum is a monotypic genus of diplostomid digeneans that parasitize fish-eating birds in the neotropics. The type species Sphincterodiplostomum musculosum has a unique, dorsal, tubular invagination in the opisthosoma with a muscular sphincter. Whereas larvae of S. musculosum are relatively commonly reported in Neotropical fish helminth surveys, adult specimens from birds are rarely collected. Prior to our study, no DNA sequence data for S. musculosum were available. Our molecular and morphological study of mature and immature adult Sphincterodiplostomum specimens from three species of birds and one species of crocodilian revealed the presence of at least two species of Sphincterodiplostomum in the neotropics. We provide the first molecular phylogeny of the Diplostomoidea that includes Sphincterodiplostomum. In addition, this is the first record of S. musculosum from caimans, along with the first record of fully mature adult S. musculosum from green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana. The new species of Sphincterodiplostomum (Sphincterodiplostomum joaopinhoi n. sp.) can be morphologically distinguished from S. musculosum based on the anterior extent of vitelline follicles, narrower prosoma, substantially smaller holdfast organ and structure of tegumental spines. Our data revealed 0.7% interspecific divergence in 28S and 10.6–11.7% divergence in cox1 sequences between the two Sphincterodiplostomum species.
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