Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera

Abstract

The first comprehensive analysis of higher-level phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera is presented. The analysis includes representatives of all extant superfamilies, scored for 392 morphological characters, and sequence data for four loci (18S, 28S, COI and EF-1a). Including three outgroup taxa, 111 terminals were analyzed. Relationships within symphytans (sawflies) and Apocrita are mostly resolved. Well supported relationships include: Xyeloidea is monophyletic, Cephoidea is the sister group of Siricoidea + [Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita)]; Anaxyelidae is included in the Siricoidea, and together they are the sister group of Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita); Orussoidea is the sister group of Apocrita, Apocrita is monophyletic; Evanioidea is monophyletic; Aculeata is the sister group of Evanioidea; Proctotrupomorpha is monophyletic; Ichneumonoidea is the sister group of Proctotrupomorpha; Platygastroidea is sister group to Cynipoidea, and together they are sister group to the remaining Proctotrupomorpha; Proctotrupoidea s. str. is monophyletic; Mymarommatoidea is the sister group of Chalcidoidea; Mymarommatoidea + Chalcidoidea + Diaprioidea is monophyletic. Weakly supported relationships include: Stephanoidea is the sister group of the remaining Apocrita; Diaprioidea is monophyletic; Ceraphronoidea is the sister group of Megalyroidea, which together form the sister group of [Trigonaloidea (Aculeata + Evanioidea)].

New Evanioid Wasps from the Cenomanian of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Othniodellithidae, Aulacidae), with a Summary of Family-Group Names Among Evanioidea

“…Today Evanioidea comprises approximately 2200 species (Huber, 2009;Engel and Krombein, 2012;Aguiar et al, 2013), and depending on the classification adopted, these are arranged in two or three families. Since the works of Bischoff (1927), Hedicke (1930Hedicke ( , 1939aHedicke ( , 1939bHedicke ( , 1939c, and Crosskey (1951Crosskey ( , 1962, the most consistent classification considers the superfamily to comprise three extant familes-Aulacidae, Gasteruptiidae, and Evaniidae (e.g., Mason, 1993;Grimaldi and Engel, 2005;Sharkey et al, 2012). The monophyly of evanioids is abundantly supported in analyses of morphological and molecular data sources (e.g., Dowton and Austin, 1994;Dowton et al, 1997;Vilhelmsen et al, 2010;Sharkey et al, 2012;Payne et al, 2013), and they are also one of the few superfamilies for which there have been comparatively comprehensive modern phylogenetic studies and revisions (e.g., Aulacidae [Jennings and Austin, 2000;Smith, 2001;Turrisi, 2006Turrisi, , 2007Turrisi, , 2014Turrisi et al, 2009;Turrisi and Madl, 2013], Gasteruptiidae [Jennings and Austin, 2002;Macedo, 2009Macedo, , 2011Zhao et al, 2012;Achterberg and Talebi, 2014], Evaniidae [Deans and Huben, 2003;Deans, 2005;Deans et al, 2006;Kawada and Azevedo, 2007;Mullins et al, 2012]).…”

Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea)

“…Even the relationship of Ceraphronoidea to other Hymenoptera remains unclear, although the superfamily is robustly monophyletic (Mikó et al 2013). Different molecular analyses have grouped Ceraphronoidea with Stephanoidea, Ichneumonoidea, Megalyroidea, or with Ichneumonoidea and Proctotrupomorpha (Klopfstein et al 2013;Mao et al 2014;Peters et al 2017;Sharkey 2007;Sharkey et al 2012). Contrary to the belief that ceraphronoids are too small for morphological characters to be of phylogenetic use (Klopfstein et al 2013), the group contains taxa with morphological structures that may serve as characters to corroborate both the phylogenetic relationships among members within the superfamily.…”

A New Lineage of Enigmatic Diaprioid Wasps in Cretaceous Amber (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea)

“…(e.g., Naumann and Masner, 1985), studies have repeatedly united the Diapriidae, Monomachidae, and Maamingidae into a natural group (e.g., Dowton et al, 1997;Dowton and Austin, 2001;Castro and Dowton, 2006;Sharkey, 2007;Davis et al, 2010;Sharkey et al, 2012). The superfamily Diapri- NO.…”