Phylogenetic Identification of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates via Length Heteroplasmy in Domain V of Chloroplast Large Subunit (cp23S)?Ribosomal DNA Sequences

Santos, Scott R.; Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez, Carla; Coffroth, Mary Alice

doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0076-z

Cited by 86 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…DNA from the resulting supernatant was precipitated with 100% isopropanol, pelleted, rinsed with 70% EtOH, dried and resuspended in 0.01 M Tris-HCL pH 8. PCR amplifications were performed using the Symbiodinium-specific primers '23SHYPERUP' and '23SHYPERDN' for the hyper-variable region of Domain V in the large subunit of the chloroplast ribosomal array (cp23S-HVR) (Santos et al 2003). PCRs were carried out on an ABI 2720 thermal cycler under the following conditions: initial denaturing period of 2 min at 94°C, 50 cycles consisting of 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min 15 s, and a final extension period of 7 min at 72°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Larvae Of Both Sediment-containing Treatments (Fsw and Sed Andmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…DNA sequence analyses revealed that larvae acquired clades B and C Symbiodinium from the water column, and clades A, B and C from the sediment; whereas adults of the same species harbored clade C (Table 1) (GenBank accession numbers: EU514958, EU514976, EU515077 and EU515094). Four alleles of Symbiodinium were detected in this study and are referred to as A196, A192, B182, C178, as the appropriate nomenclature for cp23S-rDNA domain V sequences (Santos et al 2003).Larvae lost due to mortality or settlement averaged 36 ± 4.36 larvae (mean ± SD) in FSW treatments, 67 ± 4.73 larvae in SW treatments, 53 ± 20.6 larvae in FSW & SED treatments and 66 ± 4.72 larvae in SW & SED treatments. Mortality was likely the result of poor water quality in aquaria caused by an extended period of time with low circulation.…”

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Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Adams¹,

Cumbo²,

Takabayashi³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Many symbiotic marine invertebrates acquire free-living Symbiodinium from the environment. Abundance and diversity of free-living Symbiodinium could influence recovery from bleaching, resilience, and the long-term adaptation of host organisms. Although free-living Symbiodinium have been detected in the water column and substrates of coral reefs, their diversity and availability to the hosts are poorly understood. Tank experiments were conducted to test whether asymbiotic coral larvae of Acropora monticulosa acquired free-living Symbiodinium from the water column or sediment to become symbiotic. Treatments included filtered (0.22 µm) seawater (FSW), unfiltered seawater (SW), FSW and sediment, and SW and sediment. Our results showed that greater proportions of larvae in sediment-containing treatments acquired Symbiodinium earlier and had greater in hospite Symbiodinium densities when compared to seawater-only treatments. Additionally, clade A Symbiodinium was only recovered in the larvae from the sediment-containing treatments, whereas clades B and C were recovered from all treatments. Differences in distribution, abundance, replication and motility patterns of Symbiodinium, as well as larval behavior, may have contributed to the observed differences between uptake from the sediment and the water column. However, our results suggest that the sediment may represent an important source of free-living Symbiodinium available for uptake during primary acquisition by coral larvae.KEY WORDS: Free-living Symbiodinium · Acquisition · Coral larvae · Reef sediment · Water column · Acropora monticulosa Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 377: [149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156] 2009 stress events such as bleaching then this mode may be advantageous in the long-term life history of the species. Furthermore, adults of some host species may be able to acquire a new strain of Symbiodinium through secondary acquisition following stress events, such as bleaching (Kinzie et al. 2001). Despite its apparent adaptive advantages, secondary acquisition in scleractinian corals has not been observed, possibly due to experimental limitations. This lack of evidence has lead investigators to suggest that hosts shuffling proportions of different Symbiodinium strains already in hospite is the predominant mode of physiological adaptation in scleractinian corals (Berkelmans & van Oppen 2006). If this is the case, then primary acquisition of Symbiodinium strains is critically important in the entire life history of these hosts. Resilience of symbiotic reef organisms, like corals, may thus be especially reliant upon the symbiont types specifically involved in primary acquisition (Baird et al. 2007).Given the dependence of reef invertebrates on environmental pools of Symbiodinium, it is imperative to understand the diversity and ecology of free-living Symbiodinium and their interactions with potential hosts. Free-living Symbiodinium have been identified in the water column...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Larvae Of Both Sediment-containing Treatments (Fsw and Sed Andmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Adams¹,

Cumbo²,

Takabayashi³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…LaJeunesse, 2001; Trench, 1997], even though the genus includes numerous strains separated by large genetic distances (Rowan, 1998;LaJeunesse, 2001; RodriguezLanetty, 2003;Baker, 2003). The genus is currently divided into seven highly divergent clades, designated A-G based on nuclear and plastid rDNA sequences (Rowan & Powers, 1992;Carlos et al, 1999;Baillie et al, 2000;LaJeunesse, 2001;Pochon et al, 2001;Santos et al, 2002Santos et al, , 2003 RodriguezLanetty, 2003;Baker, 2003). Clade C is dominant in corals of the Great Barrier Reef, and studies based on rDNA sequence analysis have found considerable diversity occurs within this clade (Carter, 2000;Loh et al, 2001;van Oppen et al, 2001;LaJeunesse et al, 2003;Rodriguez-Lanetty, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Highly organized structure in the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from clade C Symbiodinium

Moore

2003

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

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The chloroplast genes of dinoflagellates are distributed among small, circular dsDNA molecules termed minicircles. In this paper, we describe the structure of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from Symbiodinium. DNA sequence was obtained from five Symbiodinium strains obtained from four different coral host species (Goniopora tenuidens, Heliofungia actiniformis, Leptastrea purpurea and Pocillopora damicornis), which had previously been determined to be closely related using LSU rDNA region D1/D2 sequence analysis. Eight distinct sequence blocks, consisting of four conserved cores interspersed with two metastable regions and flanked by two variable regions, occurred at similar positions in all strains. Inverted repeats (IRs) occurred in tandem or 'twin' formation within two of the four cores. The metastable regions also consisted of twin IRs and had modular behaviour, being either fully present or completely absent in the different strains. These twin IRs are similar in sequence to double-hairpin elements (DHEs) found in the mitochondrial genomes of some fungi, and may be mobile elements or may serve a functional role in recombination or replication. Within the central unit (consisting of the cores plus the metastable regions), all IRs contained perfect sequence inverses, implying they are highly evolved. IRs were also present outside the central unit but these were imperfect and possessed by individual strains only. A central adenine-rich sequence most closely resembled one in the centre of the non-coding part of Amphidinium operculatum minicircles, and is a potential origin of replication. Sequence polymorphism was extremely high in the variable regions, suggesting that these regions may be useful for distinguishing strains that cannot be differentiated using molecular markers currently available for Symbiodinium. INTRODUCTIONUnigenic DNA minicircles of 2-3 kbp that encode plastid gene functions have been found in a number of different peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, including species of Heterocapsa (Zhang et al., 1999(Zhang et al., , 2002, Amphidinium operculatum (Barbrook & Howe, 2000;Barbrook et al., 2001), Amphidinium carterae (Hiller, 2001) and Protoceratium reticulatum (Zhang et al., 2002). The non-coding regions of the minicircles are highly divergent across dinoflagellate genera, except that short stretches of a single nucleotide are frequent. A common format across dinoflagellate genera and species is that the non-coding regions contain conserved core regions, usually of between two and four in number, separated by variable regions (Zhang et al., 2002;Howe et al., 2003). In a given species, two or more cores are often identical to each other, seemingly duplicated or triplicated within the same minicircle, such as the two 9G regions of Heterocapsa triquetra (Zhang et al., 1999(Zhang et al., , 2002, and the three 5G regions of Heterocapsa pygmeae (Zhang et al., 2002).It has been shown that conserved core regions are shared between all the minicircles present in one culture of Abbreviat...

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“…Total genomic DNA was obtained using a DNAzol extraction (Maier et al 2001) for the reporter genome protocol and with a Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kit for 454 Sequencing. The extracted DNA was checked for presence of zooxanthellae using a chloroplast genotyping protocol (Santos et al 2004) prior to library preparation. The uncontaminated 454 sequence library contained 199,823 sequences and was searched for microsatellites with the Phobos plugin 3.3.11 (http://www.…”

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confidence: 99%

Isolation, characterization and cross amplification of eleven novel microsatellite loci for the hydrozoan coral Millepora

Heckenhauer

Schweinsberg

Elbrecht

et al. 2014

Conservation Genet Resour

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Phylogenetic Identification of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates via Length Heteroplasmy in Domain V of Chloroplast Large Subunit (cp23S)?Ribosomal DNA Sequences

Cited by 86 publications

References 14 publications

Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Highly organized structure in the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from clade C Symbiodinium

Isolation, characterization and cross amplification of eleven novel microsatellite loci for the hydrozoan coral Millepora

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