Phylogenetic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene profiles of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from pigs in Germany

Joerling, Jessica; Barth, Stefanie A.; Schlez, Karen; Willems, Hermann; Herbst, W.; Ewers, Christa

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190928

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In addition, increased levels of resistance of B hyodysenteriae to commonly used antimicrobials are observed, limiting treatment options. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Consequently, more and more attention is drawn to non-antibiotic interventions to reduce the adverse efects of bacterial infections in general and of B hyodysenteriae infections in particular. Among others zinc has been evaluated as such an intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of clinical Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with zinc chelate in pigs: a blinded, randomised controlled trial

et al. 2019

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BackgroundBrachyspira hyodysenteriae infection in pigs (‘swine dysentery’) leads to decreased feed conversion, growth losses and mortality. Current countermeasures have the downside of antibiotic resistance (antibiotics) and ecotoxicity (zinc oxide). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel zinc chelate (Intra Dysovinol (ID)) on clinical signs of swine dysentery and shedding of B hyodysenteriae under field conditions.MethodsIn a randomised, double-blinded, controlled trial under Good Clinical Practice on two commercial farms, 58 B hyodysenteriae positive pigs from 16 pens received drinking water containing ID, or placebo, during six consecutive days. Faecal quality (consistency, colour, additions) was scored and faeces were analysed for presence of B hyodysenteriae by PCR. ID treatment positively affected faecal quality (consistency) and daily growth rates.ResultsAt the last treatment day, B hyodysenteriae was not detectable in the faeces of any of the ID-treated animals, while all placebo animals remained B hyodysenteriae positive by PCR. All ID-treated animals recovered, while 5 placebo-treated animals died and 12 placebo pigs required additional treatment before the end of the study (up to 14 days after treatment start).ConclusionThis non-antibiotic treatment stopped the clinical signs and shedding of B hyodysenteriae in naturally infected pigs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many countries, the aim is to reduce antibiotic resistance by lowering the use of antibiotics, hence the use of antimicrobial drugs in treatment of B hyodysenteriae is being discussed. In addition, increased levels of resistance of B hyodysenteriae to commonly used antimicrobials are observed, limiting treatment options 4–9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of clinical Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with zinc chelate in pigs: a blinded, randomised controlled trial

et al. 2019

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“…Given that these isolates were from multiple holdings and regions, it suggests that ST52 variants have been moving within different regions over this time period and the high bootstrap value of this sub-cluster provided further confidence that they retained genomic similarity within the core. (Joerling et al, 2018). The size of the circle corresponds to the number of isolates of that ST within the collection.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Characterization Of Uk Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Isolates From England and Wales Reveals Similarities to European Isolates and Mutations Associated With Reduced Sensitivity to Antimicrobials

et al. 2021

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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the principal cause of swine dysentery, a disease that threatens economic productivity of pigs in many countries as it can spread readily within and between farms, and only a small number of antimicrobials are authorized for treatment of pigs. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 81 B. hyodysenteriae archived at the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) from diagnostic submissions and herd monitoring in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015. The resulting genome sequences were analyzed alongside 34 genomes we previously published. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed a diverse population with 32 sequence types (STs) among the 115 APHA isolates, 25 of them identified only in England; while also confirming that the dominant European clonal complexes, CC8 and CC52, were common in the United Kingdom. A core-genome SNP tree typically clustered the isolates by ST, with isolates from some STs detected only within a specific region in England, although others were more widespread, suggesting transmission between different regions. Also, some STs were more conserved in their core genome than others, despite these isolates being from different holdings, regions and years. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to commonly used antimicrobials (Tiamulin, Valnemulin, Doxycycline, Lincomycin, Tylosin, Tylvalosin) were determined for 82 of the genome-sequenced isolates; genomic analysis revealed mutations generally correlated well with the corresponding resistance phenotype. There was a major swine dysentery intervention program in 2009–2010, and antimicrobial survival curves showed a significant reduction in sensitivity to tiamulin and valnemulin in isolates collected in and after 2010, compared to earlier isolates. This correlated with a significant increase in post-2009 isolates harboring the pleuromutilin resistance gene tva(A), which if present, may facilitate higher levels of resistance. The reduction in susceptibility of Brachyspira from diagnostic submissions to pleuromutilins, emphasizes the need for prudent treatment, control and eradication strategies.

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“…However, decreased susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae to pleuromutilins has been increasingly reported and in some herds B. hyodysenteriae has become resistant to all authorized antimicrobials [2][3][4]. Antimicrobial resistance could be associated with the multilocus sequence type in B. hyodysenteriae, while a correlation with virulence genes including hemolysin genes has not been reported [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential expression of hemolysin genes in weakly and strongly hemolytic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains

et al. 2020

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Background: Swine dysentery (SD) is a diarrheal disease in fattening pigs that is caused by the strongly hemolytic species Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae, B. hampsonii and B. suanatina. As weakly hemolytic Brachyspira spp. are considered less virulent or even non-pathogenic, the hemolysin is regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of SD. Four hemolysin genes (tlyA, tlyB, tlyC, and hlyA) and four putative hemolysin genes (hemolysin, hemolysin activation protein, hemolysin III, and hemolysin channel protein) have been reported, but their role in strong hemolysis is not entirely clear. Our study aimed to assess the transcriptional activity of eight (putative) hemolysin genes in a strongly hemolytic (B204) and a weakly hemolytic (G423) B. hyodysenteriae strain during nonhemolytic and hemolytic growth stages. Results: Strongly and weakly hemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strains caused hemolysis on blood agar at different growth stages, namely during log phase (B204) and stationary/death phase (G423). During the lag, early log, late log (stationary phase in G423) and death phase (time points 1-4) strains differed in their hemolysin gene transcription patterns. At time point 1, transcription of the putative hemolysin gene was higher in B204 than in G423. At time point 2, tlyA and tlyC were upregulated in B204 during hemolysis. TlyB and hlyA were upregulated in both strains at all time points, but higher transcription rates were observed in the weakly hemolytic strain G423. The transcription activity of the hemolysin channel protein gene was quite similar in both strains, whereas the hemolysin activation protein gene was upregulated in the non-hemolytic stage of B204 at time point 4. Sequence analysis revealed deletions, insertions and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the G423 hlyA promoter, although without altering the transcription activity of this gene. Conclusion: Our data indicate a combined activity of TlyA and TlyC as the most probable underlying mechanism of strong hemolysis in B. hyodysenteriae. Further studies should verify if the expression of tlyA is upregulated by the putative hemolysin gene. Depending on their immunogenic potential TlyA and TlyC may serve as possible vaccine candidates, especially since vaccines for an effective control of swine dysentery are currently not available.

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Phylogenetic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene profiles of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from pigs in Germany

Cited by 11 publications

References 53 publications

Treatment of clinical Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with zinc chelate in pigs: a blinded, randomised controlled trial

Treatment of clinical Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with zinc chelate in pigs: a blinded, randomised controlled trial

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Isolates From England and Wales Reveals Similarities to European Isolates and Mutations Associated With Reduced Sensitivity to Antimicrobials

Differential expression of hemolysin genes in weakly and strongly hemolytic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains

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