Phylogenetic congruence of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum Bacteroidetes

Gruwell, Matthew E.; Morse, Geoffrey E.; Normark, Benjamin B.

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.014

Cited by 90 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…2). These results are consistent with 16S rRNA gene analyses that included more taxa (19,21,22). Many genes, including some expected to enable metabolic plasticity, are eliminated from obligate endosymbiont genomes (Table S1), leaving genes essential to maintaining the host-symbiont lifestyle (i.e., amino acid biosynthesis) (48).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Blattabacterium is a member of the Flavobacteriales, where it clusters with other insect bacteriome-associated symbionts, Candidatus Sulcia muelleri (hereafter referred to as Sulcia, hosts in numerous sap-feeding insects within Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) and Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola (hosts in sap-feeding scale insects, family Diaspididae), and an insect host-manipulator, the male-killing ladybird beetle endosymbiont (17)(18)(19)(20). Blattabacterium appears to have infected the common ancestor of cockroaches and termites Ͼ140 Mya (21,22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Sabree

Kambhampati

Moran

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

251

252

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Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation is a primary concern of insects feeding on diets largely composed of plant material. Reclaiming nitrogen from waste products provides a rich reserve for this limited resource, provided that recycling mechanisms are in place. Cockroaches, unlike most terrestrial insects, excrete waste nitrogen within their fat bodies as uric acids, postulated to be a supplement when dietary nitrogen is limited. The fat bodies of most cockroaches are inhabited by Blattabacterium, which are vertically transmitted, Gram-negative bacteria that have been hypothesized to participate in uric acid degradation, nitrogen assimilation, and nutrient provisioning. We have sequenced completely the Blattabacterium genome from Periplaneta americana. Genomic analysis confirms that Blattabacterium is a member of the Flavobacteriales (Bacteroidetes), with its closest known relative being the endosymbiont Sulcia muelleri, which is found in many sap-feeding insects. Metabolic reconstruction indicates that it lacks recognizable uricolytic enzymes, but it can recycle nitrogen from urea and ammonia, which are uric acid degradation products, into glutamate, using urease and glutamate dehydrogenase. Subsequently, Blattabacterium can produce all of the essential amino acids, various vitamins, and other required compounds from a limited palette of metabolic substrates. The ancient association with Blattabacterium has allowed cockroaches to subsist successfully on nitrogen-poor diets and to exploit nitrogenous wastes, capabilities that are critical to the ecological range and global distribution of cockroach species.Flavobacteria ͉ insect endosymbiont ͉ nitrogen conservation ͉ uricolysis

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Sabree

Kambhampati

Moran

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

251

252

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“…These data include 16S rRNA sequences from all known groups of scale insect endosymbionts (15,16,41), a diversity of other insect endosymbionts, and various free-living bacteria.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a few auchenorrhynchan groups, mainly the sharpshooters, house a second P-endosymbiont, Baumannia cicadellinicola (Proteobacteria), in the same bacteriome as S. muelleri (24,27,28,38). Sternorrhynchan insect groups follow the pattern of old and persistent associations with P-endosymbiont lineages but are more heterogeneous, with each of several family level or other higher taxa characterized by unique Pendosymbiont lineages: Aphididae hosts with Buchnera aphidicola P-endosymbionts (23), Diaspididae with Uzinura diaspidicola (16), Pseudococcidae with Tremblaya princeps (5,13), Psylloidea with Carsonella ruddii (40), and Aleyrodoidea with Portiera aleyrodidarum (39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Relationships among Primary Endosymbionts of the Mealybug Subfamily Phenacoccinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

Gruwell

Hardy²,

Gullan

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Mealybugs (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) are sap-sucking plant parasites that harbor bacterial endosymbionts within specialized organs. Previous studies have identified two subfamilies, Pseudococcinae and Phenacoccinae, within mealybugs and determined the primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbionts) of the Pseudococcinae to be Betaproteobacteria ("Candidatus Tremblaya princeps") containing Gammaproteobacteria secondary symbionts. Here, the P-endosymbionts of phenacoccine mealybugs are characterized based on 16S rRNA from the bacteria of 20 species of phenacoccine mealybugs and four outgroup Puto species (Coccoidea: Putoidae) and aligned to more than 100 published 16S rRNA sequences from symbiotic and free-living bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three separate lineages of bacteria from the Phenacoccinae, and these are considered to be the P-endosymbionts of their respective mealybug hosts, with those from (i) the mealybug genus Rastrococcus belonging to the Bacteroidetes, (ii) the subterranean mealybugs, tribe Rhizoecini, also within Bacteroidetes, in a clade sister to cockroach endosymbionts (Blattabacterium), and (iii) the remaining Phenacoccinae within the Betaproteobacteria, forming a well-supported sister group to "Candidatus Tremblaya princeps." Names are proposed for two strongly supported lineages: "Candidatus Brownia rhizoecola" for P-endosymbionts of Rhizoecini and "Candidatus Tremblaya phenacola" for P-endosymbionts of Phenacoccinae excluding Rastrococcus and Rhizoecini. Rates of nucleotide substitution among lineages of Tremblaya were inferred to be significantly faster than those of free-living Betaproteobacteria. Analyses also recovered a clade of Gammaproteobacteria, sister to the P-endosymbiont lineage of aphids ("Candidatus Buchnera aphidicola"), containing the endosymbionts of Putoidae, the secondary endosymbionts of pseudococcine mealybugs, and the endosymbionts of several other insect groups.Many insect species possess specialized cells that contain obligate mutualist bacteria, primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbionts). P-endosymbionts usually show an evolutionary history of codiversification with an insect host and are thought to be essential to the survival of host species (4, 27). Insects with P-endosymbionts are phylogenetically and ecologically heterogeneous but commonly have a nutritionally unbalanced diet. Endosymbiotic bacteria can provide nutritional supplements to their host, permitting exploitation of otherwise inadequate food sources. For example, tsetse fly P-endosymbionts (Wigglesworthia glossinidia) synthesize B vitamins that are lacking in vertebrate blood (1,3,32,33). Several additional examples of blood-feeding insect groups that depend upon P-endosymbionts are known, but the greatest diversity of P-endosymbionts is found in insects that feed on plant sap, a food source poor in amino acids. More than 80% of the approximately 63,000 described insect species with P-endosymbionts feed on plant sap and depend on P-endosymbionts to enrich their diet with amino acids (4,34,35,45,46)...

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“…Thus far, microbiological characterization of the endosymbionts has been restricted to a limited number of scale insect groups: the β-proteobacterial (=Tremblaya princeps) and γ-proteobacterial endosym-bionts of mealybugs in Family Pseudococcidae (Munson et al, 1992;Kantheti et al, 1996;Fukatsu and Nikoh, 2000;von Dohlen et al, 2001;Thao et al, 2002;Baumann and Baumann, 2005;Downie and Gullan, 2005;Kono et al, 2008), and the flavobacterial endosymbionts of armored scales in Family Diaspididae, the cushion scales (Icerya spp.) in Family Monophlebidae, and a felt scale in Family Eriococcidae (Gruwell et al, 2005(Gruwell et al, , 2007Zchori-Fein et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Huge Symbiotic Organs in Giant Scale Insects of the GenusDrosicha(Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) Harbor Flavobacterial and Enterobacterial Endosymbionts

Matsuura

Koga²,

Nikoh

et al. 2009

Zoological Science

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Phylogenetic congruence of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum Bacteroidetes

Cited by 90 publications

References 54 publications

Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Evolutionary Relationships among Primary Endosymbionts of the Mealybug Subfamily Phenacoccinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

Huge Symbiotic Organs in Giant Scale Insects of the GenusDrosicha(Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) Harbor Flavobacterial and Enterobacterial Endosymbionts

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