Phylogenetic, antigenic and biological characterization of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 circulating in China

Abstract

BackgroundFor many years, ND has been one of the most important infectious pigeon diseases in China. In recent years, a high mortality has been observed in ND-infected pigeons in China. Mortality is from 40% to 80% or 100% in some cases.MethodsThe full-length genomes of four pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) strains, which were isolated from infected pigeons in China in 2012 and 2013, were sequenced and analyzed to determine the phylogenetic characteristics of PPMV-1 circulating in pigeons of China in recent years. Furthermore, cross hemagglutination inhibition and cross virus neutralization assays, as well as animal experiments were conducted to determine the antigenicity and pathogenicity of those viruses. Proteolytic cleavage sites (residues 112–117) of the F proteins were identified as the typical virulence motif, 112RRQKR↓F117 for all four PPMV-1 strains investigated.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis based on sequences of complete genomes and F gene revealed that the four PPMV-1 isolates and most of recent isolates in China were highly homologous to European isolates from 1998 to 2011. All those isolates were clustered in one clade of genotype VI NDV, termed as subgroup 4bii f. The R value was calculated based on cross hemagglutination inhibition and cross virus neutralization results, and confirmed antigenic difference of the PPMV-1 strains isolated in 2013 from the LaSota vaccine strain. Several mutations were identified in the surface glycoproteins F and HN, which probably gave rise to those antigenic differences.ConclusionOur result suggested that the PPMV-1 strain prevailing in China in the last decade diverged from a common ancestor and was presumably transmitted from Europe. PPMV-1 isolates displayed obvious antigenic differences from vaccine strain LaSota. Even though PPMV-1 did not cause high mortality in experimental pigeons, the infected pigeons were exhibiting viral shedding for 3 weeks after infection, suggesting PPMV-1 is a potential threat to NDV control worldwide.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-017-0857-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evolutionary Dynamics and Age-Dependent Pathogenesis of Sub-Genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 PPMV-1 in Pigeons

“…The cross-reactivity HI assay showed that the R value between the GZ08 strain and the commonly used vaccine LaSota was 0.59, indicating a minor antigenic difference between LaSota and GZ08. The results were similar to those of previous research [24,34]. A large number of reports confirmed that antigen matching between vaccine and epidemic strains could increase the effectiveness of vaccines against epidemic strains [51][52][53][54].…”

“…PCR amplification was performed using 12 pairs of overlapping primers specific to the complete genomes of NDV, as described previously [23]. To determine the 3and 5 -ends of the viral genomes, rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) was carried out using SMARTer™ RACE cDNA, as reported previously [24]. The PCR products were cloned into pMD19-T and sequenced at Sangon Biotechnology (Guangzhou, China).…”

Phylogeny, pathogenicity and transmissibility of a genotype XII Newcastle disease virus in chicken and goose

“…Epidemiological analysis has revealed that most ND outbreaks in chickens are associated with genotype VII NDVs (Qin et al, ; Zhu et al, ). In contrast, ND outbreaks in pigeons are always related to pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV‐1), which belongs to genotype VI (Guo et al, ; Qiu et al, ). The virulent genotype IX NDVs were first identified in China and have been occasionally isolated from wild birds and waterfowl (Liu et al, ; Xiang et al, ).…”

Potential of genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses to cause differential infections in chickens and ducks

“…To assess the phylogenetic relationships between the isolates in this study with previously characterized NDV strains from different parts of world, full‐genome sequences were acquired from GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) for each known genotype of NDV (Qiu et al., ). All sequences were aligned and analysed using the ClustalW multiple alignment algorithm in the MegAlign program of the DNASTAR software suite (version 3.1; DNAstar, Madison, WI, USA).…”