Phylogenetic and Structural Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 from 2016 to 2021 in Jilin Province, China

Abstract

Porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is widely distributed in pig farms. Up until now, nine genotypes of PCV2, PCV2a to 2i, have been identified in diseased pigs worldwide. This study analyzed 302 samples collected in the Jilin Province of China from 2016 to 2021, followed by genetic analysis of the PCV2 isolates. Meanwhile, the antigen epitopes, amino acid mutations, 3D structure of the PCV2 isolates and commercially available vaccine strains were evaluated and compared. The results showed that the predominant genotypes of PCV2 were PCV2b, followed by PCV2e and PCV2d in Jilin Province during 2016–2021. Although mutations were detected in the isolates, no recombination occurred in the PCV2 isolates, indicating a stable genotype of PCV2 in Jilin Province during these years. Moreover, the B cell epitopes in the Cap and Rep proteins of eighteen PCV2 isolates and T cell epitopes in the Cap of the isolates were changed compared to three currently used vaccine strains. The mutations in the Cap and Rep proteins did not affect their spatial conformation. Therefore, bivalent or multivalent vaccines with different genotypes of PCV2 might improve the protective effect of vaccines.

The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circoviruses (PCVs) during 2017–2023 in Guangdong Province, China

“…The positivity rate for PCV2 was found to be 56.48%, notably higher than previously reported rates in European countries (21%), the Midwestern United States (16.4%), as well as specific regions of China, such as Sichuan province (26.46%) and Jiangxi province (22.5%) [20,[54][55][56]. However, the positive rates of PCV2 in the Jilin (86.09%), Henan (62.4%), and Yunnan provinces (60.93%) were higher than those observed in this study [57][58][59]. These discrepancies in data may be attributed to various factors, including geographical location, rearing conditions, sample types, health status, immune responses, sample sizes, PCR methodologies, and overall prevalence, among other variables.…”

Development of a Gold Nanoparticle-Based ELISA for Detection of PCV2

“…PCV2 can infect wild and domestic pigs, which may have varying health statuses [5]. The diagnosis of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) is frequently performed by evaluating clinical signs [6] and identifying antigens or nucleic acids via PCR [7] or quantitative PCR (qPCR) [8], immunofluorescence [9], immunohistochemistry [10], in situ hybridization [11], immunoperoxidase [12], or conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [13]. The main limitation of all these techniques is that they require specific equipment to be operated by specialized individuals.…”