Phylogenetic and Mutational Analysis of Neuraminidase of Avian Influenza A (H9N2) Virus of B2- Sub Lineage, Isolated from Commercial Poultry Pakistan

Abstract

This paper records a new distribution of long-billed vulture in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. Existing literature on long-billed vultures provides the distribution and status of this vulture in Sindh Province but does not cover the western mountainous eco-region. IUCN Pakistan's team conducted a pre-monsoon baseline survey in the province in the dry season in June 2019 and another survey in the vulture breeding season, in February 2020. Methodology included direct field observations and interviews of local communities. Field Guide to the Birds of Pakistan, by the senior author and other related literature, as well as the use of a high resolution camera helped in the identification of the species. During the surveys, information on the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, that is diclofenac and other drugs known to be harmful to vultures, were gathered through interviews. This paper suggests that the vultures and other raptors in the mountainous eco-region of Sindh are in relatively larger populations compared to the Eastern side of Sindh due to the abundance of wild ungulates in protected areas such as the Khirthar National Park.

Avian sarcoma/leukosis virus (RCAS)-mediated over-expression of IFITM3 protects chicks from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1

“…Due to variable conditions that can influence poultry susceptibility to infections (20)(21), further investigation was carried out to understand the impact of chIFITM3 against a pre-determined clinical dose of H5N1. The results revealed that the clinical dose of H5N1 considerably reduced the clinical outcome when used in transgeneoverexpressing chicks, which indicates the ability of innate immunity to protect against HPAIV H5N1.…”