Phylogenetic analysis of the S7 gene does not segregate Chinese strains of bluetongue virus into a single topotype

Bonneau, Kyle; Zhang, N. Z.; Wilson, William C.; Zhu, Jianbo; Zhang, F. Q.; Li, Z. H.; Zhang, K. L.; Xiao, Ling; Xiang, W. B.; Maclachlan, Nigel J

doi:10.1007/s007050070116

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Therefore, it should be necessary to pay attention to the potential influence of intragenic recombination on its biology and epidemiology. Among the viral proteins, NS3 is proposed to be associated with the transmission of the virus in different insect populations and species (4,5,35), and VP7 is also thought to be related to the infection of insect populations (9,55). In the present study, stable and genetic vp7 and ns3 mosaics were found, suggesting that insects might be more permissive for the events leading to intragenic recombination as well, making insects an important diversitygenerating host.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…VP7 is encoded by Seg-7 and plays some key roles in virus replication, such as forming the surface of the core and being responsible for core entry into insect cells (46). As the outer core protein, VP7 is the major serogroup-specific antigen and shows variations that are considered to be associated with the insect populations that act as vectors for different virus strains in different geographic areas (9,55). All available 88 VP7 sequences constituted five lineages (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intragenic Recombination as a Mechanism of Genetic Diversity in Bluetongue Virus

Ding

et al. 2010

J Virol

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Bluetongue (BT), caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV), is an economically important disease affecting sheep, deer, cattle, and goats. Since 1998, a series of BT outbreaks have spread across much of southern and central Europe. To study why the epidemiology of the virus happens to change, it is important to fully know the mechanisms resulting in its genetic diversity. Gene mutation and segment reassortment have been considered as the key forces driving the evolution of BTV. However, it is still unknown whether intragenic recombination can occur and contribute to the process in the virus. We present here several BTV groups containing mosaic genes to reveal that intragenic recombination can take place between the virus strains and play a potential role in bringing novel BTV lineages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intragenic Recombination as a Mechanism of Genetic Diversity in Bluetongue Virus

Ding

et al. 2010

J Virol

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“…Genome segments 7 and 10, encoding VP7 and NS3, show intermediate levels of variation, dividing isolates into a number of clades that show only partial correlation with virus topotype [13]. The remaining variations in Seg-7 and Seg-10 have as yet unconfirmed significance, although it has been suggested that they may relate to transmission of the virus by different insect vector species/populations [13], [39], [40,]. The remaining six genome segments (Seg-1, -3, -4, -5, -8 and 9; encoding VP1, VP3, VP4, NS1, NS2 and VP6, respectively) are all highly conserved, showing variations that correlate primarily with virus origin, dividing isolates into eastern and western topotypes and providing evidence of geographic subgroups, but no significant correlation with virus serotype (supplementary data, [13]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-Length VP3 Genes of Eastern Mediterranean Bluetongue Virus Isolates

et al. 2009

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the ‘type’ species of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae. The BTV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), each of which codes for one of ten distinct viral proteins. Previous phylogenetic comparisons have evaluated variations in genome segment 3 (Seg-3) nucleotide sequence as way to identify the geographical origin (different topotypes) of BTV isolates. The full-length nucleotide sequence of genome Seg-3 was determined for thirty BTV isolates recovered in the eastern Mediterranean region, the Balkans and other geographic areas (Spain, India, Malaysia and Africa). These data were compared, based on molecular variability, positive-selection-analysis and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions (using appropriate substitution models) to 24 previously published sequences, revealing their evolutionary relationships. These analyses indicate that negative selection is a major force in the evolution of BTV, restricting nucleotide variability, reducing the evolutionary rate of Seg-3 and potentially of other regions of the BTV genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the BTV-4 strains isolated over a relatively long time interval (1979–2000), in a single geographic area (Greece), showed a low level of nucleotide diversity, indicating that the virus can circulate almost unchanged for many years. These analyses also show that the recent incursions into south-eastern Europe were caused by BTV strains belonging to two different major-lineages: representing an ‘eastern’ (BTV-9, -16 and -1) and a ‘western’ (BTV-4) group/topotype. Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses indicate that these viruses originated from a geographic area to the east and southeast of Greece (including Cyprus and the Middle East), which appears to represent an important ecological niche for the virus that is likely to represent a continuing source of future BTV incursions into Europe.

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“…It seems that recombination is more probable in regions of the genome that are able to form secondary structures. It has been shown that genetic variation of the VP7 and NS3/A proteins may influence the transmission of BTV by different midge populations endemic to different geographic regions [211][212][213][214]. As mentioned above, BTV is transmitted by certain species of Culicoides midges, with the most important being Culicoides imicola in Asia, Africa and southern Europe.…”

Section: • Reoviridae Blue Tongue Virusmentioning

confidence: 95%

Arboviruses: Variations on an Ancient Theme

et al. 2014

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Arboviruses utilize different strategies to complete their transmission cycle between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Most possess an RNA genome coupled with an RNA polymerase lacking proofreading activity and generate large populations of genetically distinct variants, permitting rapid adaptation to environmental changes. With mutation rates of between 10 -6 and 10 -4 substitutions per nucleotide, arboviral genomes rapidly acquire mutations that can lead to viral emergence. Arboviruses can be described in seven families, four of which have medical importance: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae. The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae both have ssRNA genomes, while the Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae possess segmented RNA genomes. Recent epidemics caused by these arboviruses have been associated with specific mutations leading to enhanced host ranges, vector shifts and virulence. KEYWORDS Arboviruses: the role of RNA genomes in viral adaptation & emergenceThe recent emergence of many arboviruses (i.e., West Nile virus [WNV] in North America [1] and Chikungunya virus [CHIKV] in the Indian Ocean islands [2]) serves as a reminder that these viruses are capable of rapidly adapting to changes in their environment. Such viral epidemics can often be associated with the accumulation of one or more specific mutations in the viral genome and highlight a hallmark feature of arboviruses [3][4][5][6]. Indeed, arboviruses, and many other RNA viruses, employ a unique feature of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in order to achieve this rapid adaptation: inaccuracy due to a lack of proofreading activity [7][8][9]. This inaccuracy is the result of evolutionary pressure related to the fidelity of the polymerase. Mutations that decrease the fidelity of viral polymerases, have been shown to cause the accumulation of attenuating and lethal mutations [10], while mutations that enhance the fidelity of the polymerase are also associated with attenuation due to a reduction in the number of viral quasispecies, leaving the virus unable to cope with sudden environmental changes within the host [11]. These studies and others have shown that RNA virus replication balances on a 'knife's edge', with slight changes in their fidelity leading to population collapse [12]. Arboviruses are further constrained by the need to replicate in both a vector and a host species. These two very dissimilar organisms each place unique selective pressures on the arboviral genome, such that mutations that adapt the virus to favor one host are often deleterious in the other host [13][14][15]. Despite this evolutionary pressure, many arboviruses have expanded both their geographical distribution and host range through the generation and accumulation of beneficial mutations [16,17].The major source of these mutations comes from errors that occur during genome replication. Mutation rates during viral RNA replication are in the range of 10 -6 -10 -4 substitutions per For reprint orders, please contact: reprints@futuremedicine.com

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Phylogenetic analysis of the S7 gene does not segregate Chinese strains of bluetongue virus into a single topotype

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Intragenic Recombination as a Mechanism of Genetic Diversity in Bluetongue Virus

Intragenic Recombination as a Mechanism of Genetic Diversity in Bluetongue Virus

Evolution and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-Length VP3 Genes of Eastern Mediterranean Bluetongue Virus Isolates

Arboviruses: Variations on an Ancient Theme

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