Phylogenetic Analysis of the Human Papillomavirus Type 2 (HPV-2), HPV-27, and HPV-57 Group, Which Is Associated with Common Warts

Chan, Shih-Yen; Chew, Sung Hock; Egawa, Kiyofumi; Grussendorf-Conen, Elke-Ingrid; Honda, Yasuhiro; Rübben, Albert; Tan, Kiang Hwee; Bernard, Hans Ulrich

doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8896

Cited by 61 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Our research expands the knowledge about the intratype genomic diversity of HPVs, which has now been thoroughly studied for HPV-2, -5, -6, -11, -16, -18, -31, -35, -44, -45, -52, -53, -56, -58, -66, and -68 (6,8,10,14,15,16,24,26,29). An important outcome of these extensive comparisons is the fact that there is not an unlimited continuum of diverse genomes of any HPV type, i.e., divergence never exceeds 2% in L1 and 5% in the LCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Subsequent studies have addressed the genomic variabilities of HPV-6 and -11 in genital warts (14); HPV-2, -27, and -57 in common warts (8); HPV-5 in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (10); and rare HPV types in small numbers of cervical lesions (29). All of these studies agree that all HPV types (i) have given rise to a limited and relatively small number of genomic variants, (ii) show a small fraction of genomic diversity (less than 2% in the L1 gene and only slightly more in hypervariable regions like the LCR), and (iii) show geographic specificity, at least for some variants.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Worldwide Genomic Diversity of the High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types 31, 35, 52, and 58, Four Close Relatives of Human Papillomavirus Type 16

Calleja-Macías

Villa

Prado

et al. 2005

J Virol

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Among the more than one hundred formally described human papillomavirus (HPV) types, 18 are referred to as high-risk HPV types due to their association with anogenital cancer. Despite pathogenic similarities, these types form three remotely related taxonomic groups. One of these groups is called HPV species 9 and is formed by HPV-16, the most common and best-studied type, together with HPV-31, -33, -35, -52, -58, and -67. Previous worldwide comparisons of HPV-16 samples showed about 2% nucleotide diversity between isolates, which were subsequently termed variants. The distribution of divergent variants has been found to correlate frequently with the geographic origin and the ethnicity of the infected patients and led to the concept of unique African, European, Asian, and Native American HPV-16 variants. In the current study, we address the question of whether geography and ethnicity also correlate with sequence variations found for HPV-31, -35, -52, and -58. This was done by sequencing the long control region in samples derived from Europe, Asia, and Africa, and from immigrant populations in North and South America. We observed maximal divergence between any two variants within each of these four HPV types ranging from 1.8 to 3.6% based on nucleotide exchanges and, occasionally, on insertions and deletions. Similar to the case with HPV-16, these mutations are not random but indicate a relationship between the variants in form of phylogenetic trees. An interesting example is presented by a 16-bp insert in select variants of HPV-35, which appears to have given rise to additional variants by nucleotide exchanges within the insert. All trees showed distinct phylogenetic topologies, ranging from dichotomic branching in the case of HPV-31 to star phylogenies of the other three types. No clear similarities between these types or between these types and HPV-16 exist. While variant branches in some types were specific for Europe, Africa, or East Asia, none of the four trees reflected human evolution and spread to the extent illustrated by HPV-16. One possible explanation is that the rare HPV types that we studied spread and thereby diversified more slowly than the more abundant HPV-16 and may have established much of today's variant diversity already before the worldwide spread of humans 100,000 years ago. Most variants had prototypic amino acid sequences within the E6 oncoprotein and a segment of the L1 capsid protein. Some had one, two, or three amino acid substitutions in these regions, which might indicate biological and pathogenic diversity between the variants of each HPV type.The phylogeny-based taxonomy of papillomaviruses (PVs) places these viruses into a separate family which is further divided into genera and species (11). On lower taxonomic levels, PVs are classified as types, subtypes, and variants. Basic and clinical research normally addresses PVs on these lower three levels of taxonomy. More than one hundred different human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been formally described (1, 9, 11). Eighteen HPV t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

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confidence: 99%

Worldwide Genomic Diversity of the High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types 31, 35, 52, and 58, Four Close Relatives of Human Papillomavirus Type 16

Calleja-Macías

Villa

Prado

et al. 2005

J Virol

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“…Transgenic mice were generated in which the human keratin 10 (K10) promoter directed expression of the respective E6 and E7 genes of HPV-20 and HPV-27 to the differentiating cells of the epithelium (3). HPV-20 was more prevalent in a number of squamous cell carcinomas of the skin (12), whereas HPV-27 was usually associated with common benign warts (10). An increasing proliferation and disrupting differentiation of the epidermis were observed in the transgenic animals, and they developed more papillomas than their nontransgenic littermates.…”

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E6/E7 Expression of Human Papillomavirus Type 20 (HPV-20) and HPV-27 Influences Proliferation and Differentiation of the Skin in UV-Irradiated SKH-hr1 Transgenic Mice

Michel

Kopp‐Schneider

Zentgraf

et al. 2006

J Virol

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The functional role of UV irradiation, in combination with the E6 and E7 proteins of the cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types in the malignant conversion of benign papillomatous lesions, has not been elucidated. Transgenic SKH-hr1 hairless mice expressing HPV-20 and HPV-27 E6 and E7 proteins in the suprabasal compartment were generated and exposed to chronic UV irradiation. UV irradiation is a major etiological factor in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer, one of the most frequent cancers occurring among the Caucasian population worldwide (6, 38). These basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) occur primarily on sun-exposed sites. Wild-type p53 protein is expressed at increased levels after UV irradiation, thereby shutting off DNA synthesis and cell replication and allowing for DNA repair and maintenance of genetic integrity after DNA damage. Severe UV irradiation induces not only acute inflammatory reactions but also DNA damage, which is reflected in the induction of p53 mutations (5,36,39,43,57). These p53 mutations are distributed as scattered cells or in clusters of p53-immunoreactive keratinocytes (4, 35).Papillomavirus infections have been implicated in the etiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer both in immunocompetent and in immunosuppressed individuals. This is evidenced in the malignant conversion of 30% to 60% of warts occurring on sun-exposed body sites in patients with the immune-impairing disease Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (37). Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA has been demonstrated in the majority of premalignant lesions and SCC of the skin (12,21,23,52). The mechanism by which the high-risk mucosal HPV types participate in anogenital carcinogenesis has been elucidated. The expression of the E6 and E7 genes of the high-risk mucosal HPV types stimulates proliferation and is a precondition for immortalization and malignant growth (58, 59). Very little is known about the molecular pathways involved after infection with cutaneous papillomavirus types. The proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1␣ [IL-1␣], IL-1␤, IL-6, and IL-17 and alpha, beta, and gamma interferons) induced by UV irradiation either induce or inhibit the promoters of a number of HPV types associated with cutaneous lesions (13,14,48). The E6 proteins of certain cutaneous HPV types are unable to promote p53 degradation in vitro (18, 51, 53) but effectively inhibit UV-induced apoptosis by attenuating the transcription of p53-regulated proapoptotic genes as well as stimulating the degradation of the proapoptotic protein Bak (26). The ability of the E7 protein of cutaneous HPV types to bind to the pocket protein Rb is not a determinant for oncogenicity for the cutaneous HPV types tested as it has been demonstrated for the high-risk mucosal HPV types (8,58).A number of in vivo models using transgenic mice have been reported in which the E6 and E7 properties of high-risk mucosal HPV-16 or HPV-18 have been studied. Tumors developed in different organs, independent of the promoter used for expression (1,2,7,22,29,33). The in ...

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“…Interestingly, the sequence variant of the non-coding region of the HPV-57-associated wart has also recently been reported (GenBank nos, AF026960-AF026967 ; Chan et al, 1997).…”

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confidence: 88%

A putative human papillomavirus type 57 new subtype isolated from plantar epidermoid cysts without intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.

Kitasato

Egawa

Honda

et al. 1998

Journal of General Virology

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Human papillomavirus type 60 (HPV-60) is the only virus type that has been identified in epidermoid cysts. In this study, HPV-57 DNA was found in three out of 18 plantar epidermoid cysts with different histological features from HPV-60-associated cysts, using PCR and Southern hybridization. The HPV-57-associated cysts had features resembling an HPV-2-specific cytopathic effect. The sequences of two HPV-57 DNA clones isolated from two patients were identical, but differed at some positions from those of HPV-57a and HPV-57b. This putative new subtype was tentatively designated as HPV-57c, and may be associated with plantar epidermoid cysts showing histological features resembling the HPV-2 cytopathic effect.Human papillomavirus (HPV) has recently been identified frequently in palmoplantar epidermoid cysts (Egawa et al., 1987(Egawa et al., , 1990(Egawa et al., , 1995Kimura et al., 1987 ;Matsukura et al., 1992), suggesting that HPV may play a role in the pathogenesis of these cysts, and HPV-60 is the only HPV type that has been identified in epidermoid cysts so far (Matsukura et al., 1992 ; Egawa et al., 1994 Egawa et al., , 1995Kawase et al., 1994). It has also been well-established that homogeneous intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the cyst wall and vacuolar structures in the cyst cavity are pathognomonic for HPV-60 infection in the cysts (Matsukura et al., 1992 ; Egawa et al., 1993 Egawa et al., a, 1994 Egawa et al., , 1995.Here we have isolated a putative new HPV-57 subtype from plantar epidermoid cysts using PCR and Southern 9349. e-mail hkita!med.kitasato-u.ac.jp hybridization. Instead of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and vacuolar structures, the histological features of the HPV-57-associated cysts were like those of the HPV-2-specific cytopathic effect (Gross et al., 1982 ;Jablonska et al., 1985). We have previously found a plantar epidermoid cyst with inverted growth, which histologically showed HPV-2-related features (Egawa et al., 1993 b), and we identified an HPV-57 DNA fragment using PCR (Egawa et al., 1998). To establish whether that was an isolated finding or a reflection of a close relationship between HPV-57 and plantar epidermoid cysts, we searched for HPV-57 in 18 plantar epidermoid cysts with histological features similar to those of the first HPV-57-related case, using PCR and Southern hybridization. Sequencing analysis of the amplified HPV-57 DNA fragments was also performed and sequences of cysts were compared with each other and with those of two reported HPV-57 subtypes, HPV-57a and HPV57b.Sections (4 µm) were serially prepared from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of the 18 epidermoid cysts and were stained with haematoxylin-eosin for conventional histological studies. On microscopy, instead of intracytoplasmic homogeneous inclusion bodies in the cyst wall or vacuolar structures within the keratinous mass, which are pathognomonic for HPV-60-related epidermoid cysts, the characteristic histological features of these cysts were vacuolated cells or condensed kera...

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Phylogenetic Analysis of the Human Papillomavirus Type 2 (HPV-2), HPV-27, and HPV-57 Group, Which Is Associated with Common Warts

Cited by 61 publications

References 30 publications

Worldwide Genomic Diversity of the High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types 31, 35, 52, and 58, Four Close Relatives of Human Papillomavirus Type 16

Worldwide Genomic Diversity of the High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types 31, 35, 52, and 58, Four Close Relatives of Human Papillomavirus Type 16

E6/E7 Expression of Human Papillomavirus Type 20 (HPV-20) and HPV-27 Influences Proliferation and Differentiation of the Skin in UV-Irradiated SKH-hr1 Transgenic Mice

A putative human papillomavirus type 57 new subtype isolated from plantar epidermoid cysts without intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.

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