Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses originating from naturally infected sheep and goats from Poland based on the long terminal repeat sequences

Olech, Monika; Kuźmak, Jacek; Kycko, Anna; Junkuszew, Andrzej

doi:10.2478/jvetres-2022-0064

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Our results revealed that strains representing subtype A17 had a unique substitution of T to A in the fifth position of the TATA box. The same substitution was observed in SRLV strains belonging to subtypes A27, A20 and B3 and strains EV-1 and SAOMVV [ 29 , 35 ]. Within the group of retroviruses, there are several species that also have the same mutation in the TATA box.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Sequence variations were also observed between the different HIV-1 subtypes, and several subtype-specific sequence motifs in the HIV-1 LTR region have been identified [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Some subtype-specific variations have also been observed for SRLVs [ 29 ]. However, it remains unclear if this subtype-specific variability in the LTR region could influence viral transcription efficiencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Diversity of the LTR Region of Polish SRLVs and Its Impact on the Transcriptional Activity of Viral Promoters

Olech

Kuźmak

2023

Viruses

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A long terminal repeat (LTR) plays an indispensable role in small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) gene expression. In this study, we present the LTR sequence of Polish SRLVs representing different subtypes, and analyzed their impact on SRLV promoter activity, as measured in transient transfection assays. Although certain nucleotide motifs (AML(vis), TATA box and the polyadenylation site (AATAAA)) were conserved across sequences, numerous mutations within the LTR sequences have been identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in both regulatory (AP-1, AP-4, Stat and Gas) and non-regulatory sequences, and subtype-specific genetic diversity in the LTR region of Polish SRLVs was observed. In vitro assays demonstrated subtype-specific functional differences between the LTR regions of distinct SRLV subtypes. Our results revealed that the promoter activity of Polish strains was lower (1.64–10.8-fold) than that noted for the K1514 reference strain; however, the differences in most cases were not statistically significant. The lowest promoter activity was observed for strains representing subtype A5 (mean 69.067) while the highest promoter activity was observed for strain K1514 representing subtype A1 (mean 373.48). The mean LTR activities of strains representing subtypes A12, A17, A23, A18 and A24 were 91.22, 137.21, 178.41, 187.05 and 236.836, respectively. The results of the inter-subtype difference analysis showed that the promoter activity of strains belonging to subtype A5 was significantly lower than that for subtype A12 strains (1.32-fold; p < 0.00). The promoter activities of the A5 strain were 1.98-fold and 2.58-fold less active than that of the A17 and A23 strains, and the promoter activities of A12 strains were 1.955 and 1.5 times lower than the promoter activity of A23 and A17 strains, respectively. Furthermore, the promoter activity of A17 strains was 1.3 lower than the promoter activity of A23 strains. Our findings suggest that subtype-specific genetic diversity, mainly in the transcription factor’s binding sites, has an impact on their transcriptional activity, producing a distinct activity pattern for the subtypes. This study provides new information that is important for better understanding the function of the SRLV LTR. However, further research including more strains and subtypes as well as other cell lines is needed to confirm these findings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of the LTR Region of Polish SRLVs and Its Impact on the Transcriptional Activity of Viral Promoters

Olech

Kuźmak

2023

Viruses

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“…Some authors made other discordant observations, for example that the Norwegian strain 1GA belonging to group C according to Shah et al . ( 162 ) was classified as a genotype-B strain based on the gag-pol and LTR sequences ( 96 , 97 , 119 , 122 , 121 ). Comparing different fragments ( gag , env and LTR) of the same strains, Olech et al .…”

Section: Genetic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes

Olech

2023

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.

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“…In addition, genotypes A, B and E contain subtypes whose sequences differ by 15-27%. According to the actual data, genotype A has twenty-seven recognized subtypes (A1-A27) [18], genotype B has five subtypes (B1-B5) [19], and genotype E has two identified subtypes (E1 и E2) [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus from Animals in the Republic of Mordovia

Kolbasova¹,

Sevskikh²,

Titov³

et al. 2023

Animals

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This article presents the results of virological and genetic studies of an isolate of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) virus from the republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation. The isolate was found during monitoring studies of goat blood samples for the viral genome, and the presence of antibodies to lentiviruses was detected. According to the recommendation of the OIE, the positive result of PCR was confirmed with nucleotide sequencing. It was found that the obtained nucleotide sequence is identical to the genome of small ruminant lentiviruses presented in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate “Mordovia-2018” was included in the same cluster with an isolate from the Tver region of the Russian Federation detected in 2008. The sequence of the fragment of the env-gene of the isolate from the republic of Mordovia is available in GenBank under the number MN186380.1. To isolate the virus, a fraction of peripheral blood monocyte cells from the animal’s blood was added to a monolayer of lamb synovial membrane cell culture, and ten passages were carried out. The first manifestations of the cytopathic effect were observed after the third passage on the eighth day of cultivation in the form of single large cells of irregular shape with 5–7 nuclei. At the seventh passage, multiple syncytium with 7–12 nuclei were observed. At subsequent passage levels, the formation of syncytium containing more than 10–14 nuclei was observed.

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Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses originating from naturally infected sheep and goats from Poland based on the long terminal repeat sequences

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Genetic Diversity of the LTR Region of Polish SRLVs and Its Impact on the Transcriptional Activity of Viral Promoters

Genetic Diversity of the LTR Region of Polish SRLVs and Its Impact on the Transcriptional Activity of Viral Promoters

The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes

Isolation and Identification of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus from Animals in the Republic of Mordovia

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