Phylogenetic analysis of parapoxviruses and the C-terminal heterogeneity of viral ATPase proteins

Chan, Kuei-Chuan; Yang, Cheng-Hsiung; Lin, Jen‐Wei; Wang, Hsien‐Chi; Lin, Fong‐Yuan; Kuo, Shu-Ting; Wong, Min‐Liang; Hsu, Wei‐Li

doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.029

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…ORFVs from the same outbreak have been reported [1,5,6,12,14,24]. Guo et al reported an outbreak of ORFV infection in a zoo, in which a single ORFV likely infected musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), domestic Shetland sheep (Ovis aries) and Sichuan takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana), but the amino acid sequence of the viral envelope gene contained one or two substitutions in each animal [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Sequence analyses of the viral envelope gene indicate that contagious pustular dermatitis in Japanese serows is mainly caused by ORFV [18,19]. However, only a partial sequence of the envelope gene was analyzed in these studies, and in other countries, sequence variations occur in the envelope gene of ORFVs isolated from the same outbreaks [1,5,6,12,14,24]. In general, the amino acid sequences of the genes encoding viral structural proteins, such as the envelope, are relatively well conserved, but the detailed genetic relationship between the PPVs of the recent and earlier outbreaks in Japanese serows is unclear.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Genetic Homogeneity of Orf Viruses Infecting Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus)

Inoshima

Ito

Ishiguro

2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. This study genetically characterized orf viruses (ORFVs) isolated from recent outbreaks in Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) in 2007 and 2008, and from earlier outbreaks from 1985 to 2001. Nucleotide sequences of genes for the viral envelope, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and virus interferon resistance (VIR) were determined in two ORFVs isolated from recent outbreaks and in eight from earlier outbreaks. No deletions or insertions were observed in these genes. Surprisingly, the amino acid sequences of the envelope and VIR genes were identical among the 10 ORFVs, and only one amino acid substitution in the VEGF gene was found in one of the two recent ORFVs (2007). Genotyping by differential PCR for the A32L gene, which encodes an ATPase, classified all of the 10 ORFVs into the same genotype. In an ORFV isolated from a sheep in 1970, the three sequenced genes were almost the same as in the ORFVs isolated from Japanese serows, and the ORFV in 1970 was classified into the same genotype as the ORFVs from Japanese serows. These results suggest that recent outbreaks in Japanese serows are caused by ORFVs genetically closely related to the viruses in earlier outbreaks and that these genetically stable ORFVs have circulated among Japanese serows over a long period of time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Genetic Homogeneity of Orf Viruses Infecting Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus)

Inoshima

Ito

Ishiguro

2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Wild-type ORFV (strain Hoping) (27) was cultivated in goat primary testis cells, and its titer was determined by standard plaque assay. Recombinant Sindbis virus (SINV) containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression cassette inserted between the capsid and E3 genes of Sindbis virus (28) was a gift from Lih-Hwa Hwang (Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Analysis of the Short Isoform of Orf Virus Protein OV20.0

Tseng

Lin

Cheng

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Orf virus (ORFV) OV20.0L is an ortholog of vaccinia virus (VACV) gene E3L. The function of VACV E3 protein as a virulence factor is well studied, but OV20.0 has received less attention. Here we show that like VACV E3L, OV20.0L encodes two proteins, a full-length protein and a shorter form (sh20). The shorter sh20 is an N-terminally truncated OV20.0 isoform generated when a downstream AUG codon is used for initiating translation. These isoforms differed in cellular localization, with full-length OV20.0 and sh20 found throughout the cell and predominantly in the cytoplasm, respectively. Nonetheless, both OV20.0 isoforms were able to bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) and dsRNA. Moreover, both isoforms strongly inhibited PKR activation as shown by decreased phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2␣ subunit and protection of Sindbis virus infection against the activity of interferon (IFN). In spite of this apparent conservation of function in vitro, a recombinant ORFV that was able to express only the sh20 isoform was attenuated in a mouse model. IMPORTANCEThe OV20.0 protein of orf virus (ORFV) has two isoforms and contributes to virulence, but the roles of the two forms are not known. This study shows that the shorter isoform (sh20) arises due to use of a downstream initiation codon and is amino-terminally truncated. The sh20 form also differs in expression kinetics and cellular localization from full-length OV20.0. Similar to the full-length isoform, sh20 is able to bind dsRNA and PKR, inactivate PKR, and thus act as an antagonist of the interferon response in vitro. In vivo, however, wild-type OV20.0 could not be replaced with sh20 alone without a loss of virulence, suggesting that the functions of the isoforms are not simply redundant. Orf virus (ORFV), a member of the Parapoxvirus genus and the Poxviridae family, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma in sheep, goats, and other ruminants. The disease is characterized by the development of pustular lesions around the nostrils and mouth with a high incidence rate and a low mortality rate in healthy adult animals. In contrast, infection in immunosuppressed animals or in lambs may be fatal (1). ORFV is also of concern as a source of zoonotic infection because it can cause cutaneous lesions in humans in contact with infected animals. Persistent infection with ORFV can be observed in goats and sheep, and while the severity of lesions is reduced compared with that seen in primary infection, this persistence suggests that the virus is able to evade host immunity (2-4). In line with this observation, ORFV has been shown to encode several proteins that modulate the host response to infection. These include viral homologues of ovine cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-inhibiting protein, as well as an apoptosis inhibitor (5-7). ORFV also antagonizes interferon (IFN) signaling, and this is done by the product...

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“…ORFV belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus of the family Poxviridae [14] and has an approximately 134–139-kb linear double-stranded DNA genome [8]; the whole genome has a high GC content of approximately 63.5 % [33]. The B2L gene of ORFV encodes a highly immunogenic envelope protein that induces a strong antibody response [8, 26].…”

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Comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the B2L gene of orf virus from goats and sheep in China during 2009-2011

et al. 2013

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As a zoonotic infectious disease, orf outbreaks have been reported in China in recent years. However, molecular epidemiology analysis has not been performed for Chinese orf virus (ORFV) strains. Here, we have identified 13 ORFVs from goats and sheep in China between 2009 and 2011. Thirty-four complete B2L sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of ORFV in China. Nucleotide sequences of B2L genes of clinical samples and attenuated vaccine strains were aligned and compared. Three genotypes were found by molecular epidemiology analysis. Amino acid substitutions were dispersed among B2 polypeptides from wild and attenuated ORFV strains.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1946-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Phylogenetic analysis of parapoxviruses and the C-terminal heterogeneity of viral ATPase proteins

Cited by 33 publications

References 27 publications

Spatial and Temporal Genetic Homogeneity of Orf Viruses Infecting Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus)

Spatial and Temporal Genetic Homogeneity of Orf Viruses Infecting Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus)

Functional Analysis of the Short Isoform of Orf Virus Protein OV20.0

Comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the B2L gene of orf virus from goats and sheep in China during 2009-2011

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