Phylogenetic analysis ofABCEgenes across the plant kingdom

Abstract

ATP-BINDING CASSETTE SUBFAMILY E MEMBER (ABCE) proteins are one of the most conserved proteins across eukaryotes and archaea. Yeast and the vast majority of animals possess a singleABCEgene encoding the vital ABCE1 protein. We retrievedABCEgene sequences of 76 plant species from public genome databases and analyzed them with the reference toArabidopsis thaliana ABCE2gene (AtABCE2). Over half of the studied plant species possess two or moreABCEgenes. There can be as many as eightABCEgenes in a plant species. This suggest thatABCEgenes in plants can be classified as a low-copy gene family, rather than a single-copy gene family. Plant ABCE proteins showed overall high sequence conservation, sharing at least 78% of amino acid sequence identity with AtABCE2. The phylogenetic trees of full-length ABCE amino acid and CDS sequences demonstrated thatBrassicaceaeandPoaceaefamilies have independently undergone lineage-specific split of the ancestralABCEgene. Other plant species have gainedABCEgene copies through more recent duplication events. Deeper analysis ofAtABCE2and its paralogueAtABCE1from 1135Arabidopsis thalianaecotypes revealed 4 and 35 non-synonymous SNPs, respectively. The lower natural variation inAtABCE2compared toAtABCE1is in consistence with its crucial role for plant viability. Overall, while the sequence of the ABCE protein family is highly conserved in the plant kingdom, many plants have evolved to have more than one copy of this essential translational factor.Significance statementIn most eukaryotes there is a single ABCE protein, which is involved in many vital processes in cells. However, less is known about ABCEs specifically in plants. Here we show that while the sequence of ABCE proteins is highly conserved in plants, they have evolved to often have multiple copies of this essential translational factor. By studying 76 species from the entire plant kingdom, we observed as many as eightABCEgenes being present at a time, although most species have less. SomeABCEcopies appeared earlier than others and were found in multiple species. Thus, our findings indicate that ABCE genes in plants are not a single-copy gene family and should instead be re-classified as a low-copy gene family.