Phylogenetic Analysis of Envelope Glycoprotein (<i>E1</i>) Gene of Rubella Viruses Prevalent in Japan in 2004

Saitoh, Masaaki; Shinkawa, Naomi; Shimada, Shin‐ichi; Segawa, Yukari; Sadamasu, Kenji; Hasegawa, Minoru; Katô, Masahiko; Kozawa, Kunihisa; Kuramoto, Tsuyoshi; Nishio, Osamu; Kimura, Hirokazu

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03784.x

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Further studies of the biological properties and especially of the degree of neutralization of these strains by vaccineinduced antibodies are required. The proportions of synon- ymous and nonsynonymous mutations were similar to those reported by other authors (6,16,17,19,30), confirming that RUBV is very stable compared with some alphaviruses and other RNA viruses, such as poliovirus and human immunodeficiency virus (12,13,20,34). Additional research into the short-term evolution of RUBV in the context of outbreaks seems necessary in the light of these results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

et al. 2009

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Rubella virus (RUBV) usually causes a mild exanthematous disease that is frequently accompanied by adenopathy and occasionally by arthralgia. Complications of this infection are rare and include encephalopathy and thrombocytopenia. However, the most severe consequence of this virus is its teratogenicity. It can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when it occurs in pregnant women, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy (10).The direct detection of RUBV RNA in clinical specimens, in addition to the detection of RUBV-specific immunoglobulin M, is a critical factor in the early laboratory diagnosis of recent or congenital infection (18,27). Currently, the European region of the World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate not only measles but also rubella and to reduce the incidence of CRS to less than one case per 100,000 live births by 2010 (38, 39). For this purpose, epidemiological surveillance based on the laboratory diagnosis of each suspected case and the characterization of the genotype of the circulating strains are included in the WHO's recommendations. In the most recent WHO update, the standard nomenclature for the classification and designation of wild-type RUBV strains recognizes nine definitive and four provisional genotypes (40), expanding the nomenclature established in 2005 (37), which was based on 739 nucleotides (nt) (nt 8731 to 9469) from the E1 gene sequence. This sequence encodes amino acids (aa) 159 to 404 (of the 481 aa) of the E1 glycoprotein. Although our knowledge of the geographic distribution of RUBV genotypes has grown substantially since 2003, the genotypes present in many countries and regions remain unknown (9), even though rubella is still recognized as a globally important disease in a general public health context (41). RUBV is considered monotypic with cross-neutralization among different genotypes.In Spain, monovalent RUBV vaccine was introduced in the late 1970s, when it was administered in schools to 11-year-old girls (1). In 1981, one dose of the measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine was introduced in the regular immunization schedule at the age of 15 months for all children. In 1996, a second dose at 11 years of age was introduced (5). In 1999, this second dose was given to 4-year-old children (3). Currently, the seroprevalence of RUBV in the community of Madrid exceeds 95% in all age groups and reaches 98.6% among women of childbearing age (16 to 45 years) (4). Nevertheless, the pattern is very different in other regions around the world and RUBV infection remains endemic in many areas, such as Latin America (15). The rubella vaccine was only introduced in Latin American countries in the late 1990s, so that many adult immigrants to Spain are not immunized. These circumstances led to a small outbreak in Madrid in 2003 (31) and a larger one in 2004 and 2005 (2, 27) among Latin American immigrants. The main aim of this study was to characterize the RUBV strain involved in the latter outbreak, which represents the first data concerning RUBV genotypes i...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

et al. 2009

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“…Currently, approximately 50 % of countries have national vaccination efforts against rubella (Robertson et al, 2003). Isolation and genetic sequencing of rubella viruses has been most thorough in countries pursuing elimination (Bosma et al, 1996;Frey et al, 1998;Icenogle et al, 2006;Katow, 2004;Katow et al, 1997a, b;Reef et al, 2002;Saitoh et al, 2006); however, collections have recently been assembled from other regions of the world (Donadio et al, 2003;Katow, 2004;Zheng et al, 2003a, c). Recently, a standard taxonomy for rubella viruses was adopted based on sequences of a standard window within the E1 gene and supported by sequencing of the SP-ORF of selected viruses (WHO, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic analysis of diverse rubella virus genotypes

Zhou

Ushijima

Frey

2007

Journal of General Virology

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Based on the sequence of the E1 glycoprotein gene, two clades and ten genotypes of Rubella virus have been distinguished; however, genomic sequences have been determined for viruses in only two of these genotypes. In this report, genomic sequences for viruses in an additional six genotypes were determined. The genome was found to be well conserved. The viruses in all eight of these genotypes had the same number of nucleotides in each of the two open reading frames (ORFs) and the untranslated regions (UTRs) at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the genome. Only the UTR between the ORFs (the junction region) exhibited differences in length. Of the nucleotides in the genome, 78 % were invariant. The greatest observed distance between viruses in different genotypes was 8.74 % and the maximum calculated genetic distance was 14.78 substitutions in 100 sites. This degree of variability was similar among regions of the genome with two exceptions, both within the P150 non-structural protein gene: the N-terminal region that encodes the methyl/guanylyltransferase domain was less variable, whereas the hypervariable domain in the middle of the gene was more divergent. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of different regions of the genome was done, using sequences from 43 viruses of the non-structural protease (near the 5′ end of the genome), the junction region (the middle) and the E1 gene (the 3′ end). Phylogenetic segregation of sequences from these three genomic regions was similar with the exception of genotype 1B viruses, among which a recombinational event near the junction region was identified.

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“…In conclusion, this was the first time that genotype of Iran wild rubella virus isolate was introduced based on recommended WHO standard protocol for molecular genotyping. Molecular epidemiological study need to have data from circulating viruses as our country is undertaking measles and rubella elimination interference between viruses belonging to the same family or between members of unrelated ones upon coinfection of cells has been reported (18,19). Generally, Infection of a cell with two viruses could result in growth and maturation of both viruses, which might be beneficial to one of the viruses such as coinfection by adenovirus, and adeno-associated viruses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wild Type Rubella virus isolated in Iran

Bordbar¹,

Habibi²,

Shafiei³

2010

Iran J Virol

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Background and Aims: Rubella virus is a human pathogen that causes congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs during early pregnancy. Vaccination programs have been remarkably successful in controlling natural rubella infection and CRS. Moreover, ongoing surveillance for all cases of rubella and CRS is a vital component of a prevention program. Although the WHO recommends the use of molecular epidemiology, little is known about circulating strains and genotypes of rubella virus (RUBV) in Iran. This study was designed to analyze the genetic characteristics of the wild type isolated in Iran. Methods: The partial E1 gene was amplified from the isolated Iran MF rubella virus and Takahashi vaccine strain in comparison with 22 reference strains. The sequence of the E1 gene of the rubella virus isolate was compared by phylogenic analysis. Results: Nucleic acid sequencing confirmed the isolated virus was Rubella (96 % identity in 784 bases) the sequence was subsequently submitted and registered to the GenBank with accession number DQ975202. The created phylogenetic tree of rubella virus reference sequences showed that the isolated MF rubella virus was classified into genotype 2B. Conclusion: Based on our data, this is the first report of rubella virus genotyping in Iran. The history of some eradicated viral diseases shows that us how molecular tools are helpful in surveillance. However, more comprehensive molecular epidemiologic studies are required in order to reach Rubella virus elimination goal.

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Envelope Glycoprotein (E1) Gene of Rubella Viruses Prevalent in Japan in 2004

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

Genomic analysis of diverse rubella virus genotypes

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wild Type Rubella virus isolated in Iran

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