Phylogenetic analysis of a free-living strain of Symbiodinium isolated from Jiaozhou Bay, P.R. China

Gou, WanLi; Sun, Jun; Li, XiuQin; Zhen, Yu; Xin, Zhouping; Yu, Zhigang; Li, Rongxiu

doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(03)00242-9

Cited by 48 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This type of horizontal transmission provides new generations of corals with a potential opportunity to select symbionts that might have a greater physiological range with respect to changing environmental conditions (van Oppen 2004). Surprisingly, our knowledge of free-living Symbiodinium pools is relatively limited and only a few studies have documented the existence of these important communities in coral reef ecosystems (Gou et al 2003;Coffroth et al 2006;Thornhill et al 2006b). As new discoveries concerning the ecology, physiology, and fitness of the symbiosis are being made, it is increasingly important to fully characterize the availability and diversity of environmental pools of Symbiodinium.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diversity in populations of free‐living Symbiodinium from a Caribbean and Pacific reef

Manning¹,

Gates²

2008

Limnology & Oceanography

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The presence and diversity of free-living dinoflagellates belonging to the endosymbiotic genus Symbiodinium were explored in seawater samples collected above coral reefs in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i, and Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Two genetic markers were used to assess Symbiodinium diversity in the water column: the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of the nuclear ribosomal array (ITS2), and a hypervariable region in domain V of the large subunit (23S) of the chloroplast ribosomal array (cp23S-HVR). Sequencing of cloned gene fragments reveals that clades B, C, D, and H Symbiodinium are detectable in the seawater samples. In addition to the previously described types B1, C3, C15, C21, and D1, novel Symbiodinium sequences belonging to clades B and C were also retrieved. The majority of Symbiodinium sequences recovered from Kāne'ohe Bay belonged to clade C and those from Puerto Morelos to clade B, a pattern that reflects the dominant types of Symbiodinium found in endosymbiosis with scleractinian corals in these two areas. This study represents the first direct assessment of Symbiodinium diversity in waters adjacent to coral reefs located in the Caribbean and the Pacific and confirms the presence of Symbiodinium in this compartment of the ecosystem. These data provide context for future studies examining spatial and temporal patterns in the availability of Symbiodinium in the water column, work that will ultimately promote a greater understanding of the interactions between symbiotic dinoflagellates and their environmentally sensitive benthic hosts.

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confidence: 99%

Diversity in populations of free‐living Symbiodinium from a Caribbean and Pacific reef

Manning¹,

Gates²

2008

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Symbiodinium clade E has never been directly detected in the coral reef environment and has only been identified in two cultured Symbiodinium-like isolates from seawater collected in two temperate locations (Jiaozhou Bay, P.R. China, and Wellington Harbor, New Zealand), where symbiotic hosts were not prevalent, suggesting this type is entirely free-living (Santos et al 2002;Gou et al, 2003;. We documented a relatively high level of genetic diversity among Symbiodinium collected in the current study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…However, our understanding of Symbiodinium that occur outside a host (referred to as "free-living") is relatively poor in comparison with those that occur in symbioses . Recently, a number of researchers have investigated the diversity of free-living Symbiodinium in the seawater column, benthic sands, macroalgae, and fish feces in the coral reef environment using culture and genetic techniques (Carlos et al, 1999;Gou et al, 2003;Coffroth et al, 2006;Hirose et al, 2008;Littman et al, 2008;Manning and Gates, 2008;Porto et al, 2008;Venera-Ponton et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of potentially free-living Symbiodinium in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea: Implications for the resilience of coral reefs

Zhou

Huang

Zhou

et al. 2012

Aquatic Ecosystem Health &Amp; Management

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Free-living Symbiodinium have been the focus of considerable attention among coral reef researchers because they represent a source of symbionts for both recently recruited corals and adult corals that are subject to environmental stress (e.g. climate change). We evaluated the genetic diversity of free-living Symbiodinium in seawater collected from the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea using sequence analysis of the hypervariable region of the chloroplast 23S. We sequenced a total of 267 cloned gene fragments representing Symbiodinium in clades A, B, C, D, F, and G, of which 34 were distinct types. The diversity of free-living Symbiodinium types was high at all sites. The majority of Symbiodinium sequences belonged to clade C. There was no significant difference in Symbiodinium sequence types among sites or depths. Our results highlight the high diversity of free-living Symbiodinium pools in the coral reef environment and provide a foundation for future studies of the spatiotemporal distribution of Symbiodinium. Such information is critical to understand and predict the influence of symbiotic dinoflagellates on the adaptation of their host to environmental changes.

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“…in the water column. Gou et al (2003) isolated clade E (S. voratum) from the waters of Jiaozhou Bay in China. Coffroth et al (2006) used aposymbiotic octocoral recruits from reefs in Florida (USA) as 'symbiont sampler arrays'…”

Section: Free-living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

The free-living Symbiodinium reservoir and scleractinian coral symbiont acquisition

Nitschke¹

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The genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae, Suessiales), a group of geographically widespread marine dinoflagellates, comprises numerous ecologically and genetically distinct taxa. Symbiodinium spp.establish intracellular symbioses with cnidarians, infecting hosts such as jellyfish, sea anemones, octocorals and reef-building corals. The energetic demands of hosts can be met at varying levels by Symbiodinium through translocation of photosynthetically-fixed carbon, assisting in the formation of coral reefs. The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is relatively well studied. In contrast, empirical data for population dynamics, distribution, and physiology of free-living Symbiodinium are limited.Therefore this thesis aims to characterise the dynamics between free-living Symbiodinium cells, hosts, and their habitat.Free-living Symbiodinium cells have been identified in reef sediment, and this study investigated whether adult coral colonies are a significant source of benthic Symbiodinium cells. Acropora millepora colonies were translocated to bare patches of sediment (Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia), and the surrounding sediment was sampled for Symbiodinium cells over a period of 18 months. An 8-fold increase in visually-identified cells relative to the background population was recorded from the sediment at the immediate base of coral colonies. Symbiodinium abundance returned to background levels after the removal of the coral. These fine-scale changes in the distribution of cells suggests that hard-coral may be an important 'passive' source of Symbiodinium.The 'active' supply of Symbiodinium cells to the benthos was investigated through direct contact of coral tissue with sediment. Symbiont loss was induced in the coral Pocillopora damicornis through burial of coral branches. Peak cell abundance in the sediment occurred after four days, but the photophysiology (F v /F m ) of the Symbiodinium cells was significantly impaired. By day 12, Symbiodinium cells were present only in low concentrations in sediment samples, and the majority of cells were substantially degraded. In this study, Symbiodinium appeared to survive only transiently following expulsion, with an approximate window of viability of seven days. Such a period may be sufficient for coral recruits to make contact with potential symbionts in situ.Elevated temperatures induce a range of serious, deleterious effects in Symbiodinium. The potential amelioration of these effects was investigated, testing the hypothesis that Symbiodinium cells find refuge from stress when cultured within sediment. An exclusively free-living clade A (not known to form symbioses) and the symbiosis-forming type A1 were grown with or without a microhabitat of carbonate sediment at 25°C, 28°C or 31°C. The exclusively free-living clade A was physiologically superior to symbiosis-forming A1 across all measured variables and treatment combinations: it iii reproduced faster within the sediment, exhibited high levels of motility and maintained a stable maximum quantum yield (F ...

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Phylogenetic analysis of a free-living strain of Symbiodinium isolated from Jiaozhou Bay, P.R. China

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

Diversity in populations of free‐living Symbiodinium from a Caribbean and Pacific reef

Diversity in populations of free‐living Symbiodinium from a Caribbean and Pacific reef

Genetic diversity of potentially free-living Symbiodinium in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea: Implications for the resilience of coral reefs

The free-living Symbiodinium reservoir and scleractinian coral symbiont acquisition

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