Phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from Germany in 2006 and 2007 suggest at least three separate introductions of H5N1 virus

Starick, Elke; Beer, Martin; Hoffmann, Bernd; Staubach, Christoph; Werner, Ortrud; Globig, Anja; Strebelow, Günter; Grund, Christian; Durban, Markus; Conraths, Franz Josef; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Harder, Timm C.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.012

Cited by 105 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The HPAIV H5N1 outbreak at Lake Qinghai among migratory birds in the spring of 2005, now assigned to sublineage 2.2 of HPAIV H5N1, marked the beginning of a westward spread into countries in central Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa. Viruses of this sublineage have formed at least three further clusters, all of which have been associated with recent outbreaks among wild birds and poultry in Europe (Chen et al, 2006;Salzberg, 2007;Starick et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Vahlenkamp

Harder

Giese

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 of Asian origin continues to circulate in poultry and wild birds, causing considerable concern for veterinary and public health in Asia, Europe and Africa. Natural transmission of HPAIV H5N1 from poultry to humans, resulting in infections associated with high mortality, and from poultry or wild birds to large felids and domestic cats has been reported. Experimental infection of cats with HPAIV H5N1 derived from a human patient resulted in lethal disease. The role of cats in the adaptation of HPAIV H5N1 to mammals and vaccination regimens for the eventual protection of cats, however, remain to be elucidated. Here, it was shown that cats can be protected against a lethal high-dose challenge infection by an inactivated, adjuvanted heterologous H5N6 avian influenza virus vaccine. The challenge HPAIV H5N1 was derived from a naturally infected cat. In non-vaccinated cats, low-dose exposure resulted in asymptomatic infections with minimal virus excretion. As diseased cats can transmit the infection to naïve contact animals, the epidemiological role of H5N1-infected cats in endemically infected areas as a link between wild birds, poultry and humans needs close inspection, and vaccination of cats should be considered to reduce possible human exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Vahlenkamp

Harder

Giese

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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“…Notably, the viruses from Kuwait are most closely related to other 2007 subtype H5N1 isolates from Germany and Russia, but not to other 2007 isolates from Egypt, England, Ghana, and Hungary for which data are available (Figure 2). Furthermore, none of the current isolates from Europe or the Middle East has a close phylogenetic relationship with clade 2.2 isolates from China in 2005, although data on recent subtype H5N1 isolates from northern China are lacking (5,12). These relationships, along with reemergence of genetically similar viruses in widely distant geographic locations such as Germany, Krasnodar, and Kuwait (Figure 1, panel B), indicate that clade 2.2 infl uenza (H5N1) viruses may have become endemic in wild birds in central or eastern Asia (including Siberian Russia), from where they have been repeatedly introduced to Europe and the Middle East.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following this outbreak, the Qinghai-like (clade 2.2) infl uenza virus (H5N1) lineage was detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in countries in central Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). The source of these introductions, while still debated, is likely through bird migration, although in some instances, the role of the poultry trade has not been ruled out (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

Section: H Ighly Pathogenic Avian Infl Uenza (Hpai) Virus (H5n1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) Outbreaks, Kuwait, 2007

Al-Azemi

Bahl

Al‐Zenki

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Subsequently, the virus has been isolated from wild birds and domestic poultry in many countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa [2][3][4]. HPAIVs not only threaten animal health but also raise pandemic concern due to the evidence of zoonotic transmission to humans [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2007, H5N1 clade 1 re-emerged and was followed by introduction of the new clade 2.3. 4 [13,14]. By 2012, viruses of clade 2.3.2.1 were dominantly circulating in Vietnam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of an H5N1 avian influenza virus from a vaccinated duck flock in Vietnam

Bui

Ogawa²,

Trinh³

et al. 2014

Virus Genes

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This study reports the genetic characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 isolated from a moribund domestic duck in central Vietnam during 2012. In the moribund duck's flock, within 6 days after vaccination with a commercial H5N1 vaccine (Re-5) to 59-day-old birds, 120 out of 2,000 ducks died. Genetic analysis revealed a substantial number of mutations in the HA gene of the isolate in comparison with the vaccine strains, Re-1 and Re-5. Similar mutations were also found in selected Vietnamese H5N1 strains isolated since 2009. Mutations in the HA gene involved positions at antigenic sites associated with antibody binding and also neutralizing epitopes, with some of the mutations resulting in the modification of N-linked glycosylation of the HA. Those mutations may be related to the escape of virus from antibody binding and the infection of poultry, interpretations which may be confirmed through a reverse genetics approach. The virus also carried an amino acid substitution in the M2, which conferred a reduced susceptibility to amantadine, but no neuraminidase inhibitor resistance markers were found in the viral NA gene. Additional information including vaccination history in the farm and the surrounding area is needed to fully understand the background of this outbreak. Such understanding and expanded monitoring of the H5N1 influenza viruses circulating in Vietnam is an urgent need to provide updated information to improve effective vaccine strain selection and vaccination protocols, aiding disease control, and biosecurity to prevent H5N1 infection in both poultry and humans.

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Phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from Germany in 2006 and 2007 suggest at least three separate introductions of H5N1 virus

Cited by 105 publications

References 19 publications

Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) Outbreaks, Kuwait, 2007

Genetic characterization of an H5N1 avian influenza virus from a vaccinated duck flock in Vietnam

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