Phylogenetic Analyses Indicate an Atypical Nurse-to-Patient Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Goujon, Christophe; Schneider, Véronique; Grofti, Jaouad; Montigny, Joëlle; Jeantils, Vincent; Astagneau, Pascal; Rozenbaum, Willy; Lot, Florence; Frocrain-Herchkovitch, Claudie; Delphin, Nathalie; Gal, Frédéric Le; Nicolas, Jean‐Claude; Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Dény, Paul

doi:10.1128/jvi.74.6.2525-2532.2000

Cited by 61 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Another criminal investigation involving a Swedish rapist was investigated and became the first case settled in court (6). Subsequently, many other similar criminal cases occurred around the world (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). In all of these cases, phylogenetic reconstruction of transmission events was central to the evidence of guilt.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage

Romero-Severson

Bulla

Leitner

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

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Although the use of phylogenetic trees in epidemiological investigations has become commonplace, their epidemiological interpretation has not been systematically evaluated. Here, we use an HIV-1 within-host coalescent model to probabilistically evaluate transmission histories of two epidemiologically linked hosts. Previous critique of phylogenetic reconstruction has claimed that direction of transmission is difficult to infer, and that the existence of unsampled intermediary links or common sources can never be excluded. The phylogenetic relationship between the HIV populations of epidemiologically linked hosts can be classified into six types of trees, based on cladistic relationships and whether the reconstruction is consistent with the true transmission history or not. We show that the direction of transmission and whether unsampled intermediary links or common sources existed make very different predictions about expected phylogenetic relationships: (i) Direction of transmission can often be established when paraphyly exists, (ii) intermediary links can be excluded when multiple lineages were transmitted, and (iii) when the sampled individuals' HIV populations both are monophyletic a common source was likely the origin. Inconsistent results, suggesting the wrong transmission direction, were generally rare. In addition, the expected tree topology also depends on the number of transmitted lineages, the sample size, the time of the sample relative to transmission, and how fast the diversity increases after infection. Typically, 20 or more sequences per subject give robust results. We confirm our theoretical evaluations with analyses of real transmission histories and discuss how our findings should aid in interpreting phylogenetic results.HIV-1 | transmission | paraphyly | coalescent | phylogeny

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confidence: 99%

Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage

Romero-Severson

Bulla

Leitner

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

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“…Other phylogenetic studies have provided support for the transmission of HIV-1 from a French surgeon (17) and a French nurse (18) to their respective patients while receiving care in the hospital. Investigators have also established that phylogenetic methods can provide support against allegations of suspected transmission events.…”

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confidence: 99%

Source identification in two criminal cases using phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 DNA sequences

Scaduto

Brown

Haaland

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Phylogenetic analysis has been widely used to test the a priori hypothesis of epidemiological clustering in suspected transmission chains of HIV-1. Among studies showing strong support for relatedness between HIV samples obtained from infected individuals, evidence for the direction of transmission between epidemiologically related pairs has been lacking. During transmission of HIV, a genetic bottleneck occurs, resulting in the paraphyly of source viruses with respect to those of the recipient. This paraphyly establishes the direction of transmission, from which the source can then be inferred. Here, we present methods and results from two criminal cases, State of Washington v Anthony Eugene Whitfield , case number 04-1-0617-5 (Superior Court of the State of Washington, Thurston County, 2004) and State of Texas v Philippe Padieu , case numbers 219-82276-07, 219-82277-07, 219-82278-07, 219-82279-07, 219-82280-07, and 219-82705-07 (219th Judicial District Court, Collin County, TX, 2009), which provided evidence that direction can be established from blinded case samples. The observed paraphyly from each case study led to the identification of an inferred source (i.e., index case), whose identity was revealed at trial to be that of the defendant.

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“…These have involved a French orthopaedic surgeon, 8 a Spanish obstetrician 9 and a somewhat unusual case involving a French nurse. 10 Since the time of Dr Acer, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a dramatic decline in morbidity and mortality among patients infected with HIV, 11 to the extent that in Britain and the North Western World, at least, HIV/AIDS has been transformed from being a fatal disease to a chronic illness. 12 In the United Kingdom, anti-discrimination law is governed by the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (SDA), the Race Relations Act 1976 (RRA), the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Employment…”

Section: Verifiable Cpd Papermentioning

confidence: 99%