Phylogenetic Analyses and Morphological Innovations in Land Plants

Doyle, James A.

doi:10.1002/9781118305881.ch1

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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“…For the Marattiales, which has an extensive fossil record from the Carboniferous, all the fossils have planated leaves, thus giving no evidence as to the sequence of steps in how their leaves evolved (Rothwell and Stockey, 1989; Rothwell, 1996). Fossil evidence supports the view that Equisetum (sphenopsids) leaves were derived from a single dichotomous branch (Lignier, 1908 in Kenrick and Crane, 1997), and that Marattiales and leptosporangiate ferns have basically compound leaves more probably derived from whole branch systems bearing dichotomous appendages (Doyle, 2013). …”

Section: The Evolution Of Leaves In Fernsmentioning

confidence: 62%

The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves

Vasco¹,

Moran²,

Ambrose³

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

113

102

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Leaves are lateral determinate structures formed in a predictable sequence (phyllotaxy) on the flanks of an indeterminate shoot apical meristem. The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants has been widely debated. Being the main conspicuous organ of nearly all vascular plants and often easy to recognize as such, it seems surprising that leaves have had multiple origins. For decades, morphologists, anatomists, paleobotanists, and systematists have contributed data to this debate. More recently, molecular genetic studies have provided insight into leaf evolution and development mainly within angiosperms and, to a lesser extent, lycophytes. There has been recent interest in extending leaf evolutionary developmental studies to other species and lineages, particularly in lycophytes and ferns. Therefore, a review of fern leaf morphology, evolution and development is timely. Here we discuss the theories of leaf evolution in ferns, morphology, and diversity of fern leaves, and experimental results of fern leaf development. We summarize what is known about the molecular genetics of fern leaf development and what future studies might tell us about the evolution of fern leaf development.

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Section: The Evolution Of Leaves In Fernsmentioning

confidence: 62%

The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves

Vasco¹,

Moran²,

Ambrose³

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

113

102

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“…In addition, the strength of the fossil evidence supporting independent root evolution has been called into question, due to its incomplete nature and the poor preservation of fossilized roots, leading some to consider the origin of roots an unsettled issue (Gensel, 2008). Thus, it is conceivable that the common ancestor of lycophytes and euphyllophytes had already possessed a rudimentary root developmental program, perhaps generating a transitional "rooty structure" (Doyle, 2013) that was subsequently modified. It will be necessary to conduct detailed studies of individual root genes identified here (e.g., the root cap genes) to determine whether their similarity in sequence and expression across species is mirrored by similarity in developmental function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The establishment of plants on land over 400 million years ago represented a critical stage in the history of life on Earth (Kenrick and Crane, 1997;Raven and Edwards, 2001;Gensel, 2008;Doyle, 2013). This transition was associated with numerous physiological and developmental innovations in plants, including in some lineages, the evolution of an exploratory multicellular subterranean organ (the root) suited for effective water and nutrient acquisition and plant anchorage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conserved Gene Expression Programs in Developing Roots from Diverse Plants

Huang

Schiefelbein

2015

The Plant Cell

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The molecular basis for the origin and diversification of morphological adaptations is a central issue in evolutionary developmental biology. Here, we defined temporal transcript accumulation in developing roots from seven vascular plants, permitting a genome-wide comparative analysis of the molecular programs used by a single organ across diverse species. The resulting gene expression maps uncover significant similarity in the genes employed in roots and their developmental expression profiles. The detailed analysis of a subset of 133 genes known to be associated with root development in Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that most of these are used in all plant species. Strikingly, this was also true for root development in a lycophyte (Selaginella moellendorffii), which forms morphologically different roots and is thought to have evolved roots independently. Thus, despite vast differences in size and anatomy of roots from diverse plants, the basic molecular mechanisms employed during root formation appear to be conserved. This suggests that roots evolved in the two major vascular plant lineages either by parallel recruitment of largely the same developmental program or by elaboration of an existing root program in the common ancestor of vascular plants.

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“…They probably arose twice, once in the fern lineage and once in lycopods (Pires & Dolan, ). Hence, the emergence of the complex sporophyte body was accompanied by the emergence of roots (Graham et al ., ; Doyle, ). Phylogenetically early‐branching bryophytes also form root‐like rhizoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cytokinin‐induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot‐like origin of euphyllophyte roots

et al. 2015

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Summary The phytohormones cytokinin and auxin orchestrate the root meristem development in angiosperms by determining embryonic bipolarity. Ferns, having the most basal euphyllophyte root, form neither bipolar embryos nor permanent embryonic primary roots but rather an adventitious root system. This raises the questions of how auxin and cytokinin govern fern root system architecture and whether this can tell us something about the origin of that root.Using Azolla filiculoides, we characterized the influence of IAA and zeatin on adventitious fern root meristems and vasculature by Nomarski microscopy. Simultaneously, RNAseq analyses, yielding 36 091 contigs, were used to uncover how the phytohormones affect root tip gene expression.We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell division regulators and lateral root formation coordinators.Our data illuminate both evolution and development of fern roots. Promotion of meristem size through cytokinin supports the idea that root meristems of euphyllophytes evolved from shoot meristems. The foundation of these roots was laid in a postembryonically branching shoot system.

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Phylogenetic Analyses and Morphological Innovations in Land Plants

Cited by 21 publications

References 239 publications

The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves

The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves

Conserved Gene Expression Programs in Developing Roots from Diverse Plants

Cytokinin‐induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot‐like origin of euphyllophyte roots

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