Phylodynamic Analyses of Rotavirus Genotypes G9 and G12 Underscore Their Potential for Swift Global Spread

Matthijnssens, Jelle; Heylen, Elisabeth; Zeller, Mark; Rahman, Mohammad Anisur; Lemey, Philippe; Ranst, Marc Van

doi:10.1093/molbev/msq137

Cited by 255 publications

(295 citation statements)

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“…The introduction of RV vaccines may result in additional selective pressure on circulating RV strains and may affect their rates of evolution (20). If vaccine-induced selective pressure against G9 strains is lacking, this could facilitate the rapid global spread of G9 strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]

Shao

Fischer

Kandasamy

et al. 2016

J Virol

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The changing epidemiology of group A rotavirus (RV) strains in humans and swine, including emerging G9 strains, poses new challenges to current vaccines. In this study, we comparatively assessed the pathogenesis of porcine RV (PRV) G9P IMPORTANCEThe changing epidemiology of porcine and human group A rotaviruses (RVs), including emerging G9 strains, may compromise the efficacy of current vaccines. An understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic, immunological, and biological features of the new emerging RV strains will contribute to the development of new surveillance and prevention tools. Additionally, studies of cross-protection between the newly identified emerging G9 porcine RV strains and a human G1 RV vaccine strain in a susceptible host (swine) will allow evaluation of G9 strains as potential novel vaccine candidates to be included in porcine or human vaccines. R otavirus (RV), a member of the Reoviridae family, has a double-stranded RNA genome with 11 segments (1). It is the most common pathogen in cases of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age (1, 2). In the United States, it causes approximately $1 billion in annual costs due to RV-associated physician visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations (3-5). Annually, RV causes 440,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age worldwide, with most occurring in developing countries (4). RVs also infect young domestic animals, including calves and piglets (1). RV is responsible for annual mortality rates of 7 to 20% and 3 to 15% in nursing and weaned piglets, respectively (6). The high prevalence of RV in swine results in large economic losses to the pork industry (6). Treatment of RV infection is possible only by replacing fluids and electrolyte losses, because no specific antiviral therapy is available. Therefore, effective RV vaccines are crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality in both young children and animals (7,8).RVs are classified into 8 groups, groups A to H, as determined by viral structural protein 6 (VP6) (9-11). Based on the outer capsid VP4 (P genotype)-and VP7 (G genotype)-encoding genes, a binary classification system has been established for RVs (12). Overall, there are at least 26 G genotypes and 33 P genotypes of group A RVs (RVAs) (13,14). Globally, the G1 to G4, P[4], P[6], and P [8] genotypes are the most prevalent human RVAs (15). RVA G1P[8] is a common human strain worldwide and constitutes Ͼ70% of prevalent strains in North America, Australia, and Europe but only 20 to 35% of circulating strains in South America, Asia, and Africa (5,(15)(16)(17). G5 and P[7] are historically considered the most prevalent G and P RVA genotypes in swine, respectively (18). However, recent studies have shown that RVA G9 and G12 genotypes are emerging worldwide in humans and swine (2,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G5 and P[7] are historically considered the most prevalent G and P RVA genotypes in swine, respectively (18). However, recent studies have shown that RVA G9 and G12 genotypes are emerging worldwide in humans and swine (2,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]

Shao

Fischer

Kandasamy

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…In addition, several G-genotypes (G5, G6, G8, G10, G11 and G20) and Pgenotypes (Ben Hadj Fredj et al, 2013b;Gautam et al, 2015;Gentsch et al, 2005;Santos & Hoshino, 2005;Solberg et al, 2009;Tacharoenmuang et al, 2015). At least 73 G/P-genotype combinations of RVAs infecting humans have been described (Matthijnssens et al, 2009 (B anyai et al, 2012;Gómez et al, 2014;Matthijnssens et al, 2010;Rahman et al, 2007;Santos & Hoshino, 2005;Stupka et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genotypes circulating in Tunisia from 2009 to 2014: Emergence of the genotype G12

Moussa

Fredj

Fodha

et al. 2016

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Group A rotavirus (RVA) represents the most important aetiological agent of diarrhoea in children worldwide. From January 2009 to December 2014, a multi-centre study realized through 11 Tunisian cities was undertaken among children aged <5 years consulting or hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis. A total of 1127 faecal samples were collected. All samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of RVA antigen. RVA-positive samples were further analyzed by PAGE and used for G/P-genotyping by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Globally, 270 specimens (24 %) were RVA-positive, with peaks observed annually between November and March. Nine different electropherotypes could be visualized by PAGE, six with a long profile (173 cases) and two with a short one (seven cases). Mixed profiles were detected in two cases. Among the 267 VP7 genotyped strains, the predominant G-genotype was G1 (39.6 %) followed by G3 (22.2 %), G4 (13 %), G9 (11.5 %), G2 (5.2 %) and G12 (5.2 %). Among the 260 VP4 genotyped strains, P[8] genotype was the predominant (74. 9 %). Uncommon G/Pgenotype combinations, mixed infections and untypeable strains were also detected. This is the first report, in Tunisia, of multiple detection of an emerging human RVA strain, G12 genotype. This study highlighted the need for maintaining active surveillance of emerging strains in Northern Africa.

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“…Among them, some specific G and P genotypes are dominant in individual animal species. In human RVAs, G genotypes G1-G4, G9 and G12, and P genotypes P[4], P [6] and P [8] are considered as major genotypes, whilst porcine RVAs are assigned mostly to G genotypes G3-G5, G9 and G11, and P genotypes P [6], P [7] and P [13] (Santos & Hoshino, 2005;Martella et al, 2010Matthijnssens et al, 2010. Recently, a classification system based on the genetic characterization of all 11 gene segments has been proposed for RVAs with the aim of facilitating tracing of the origin and evolution of RVAs (Matthijnssens et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Whole genomic analysis of a porcine-like human G5P[6] rotavirus strain isolated from a child with diarrhoea and encephalopathy in Japan

Komoto

Maeno

Tomita

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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An unusual rotavirus strain, Ryukyu-1120, with G5P[6] genotypes (RVA/Human-wt/JPN/Ryukyu-1120/2011/G5P[6]) was identified in a stool specimen from a hospitalized child aged 4 years who showed diarrhoea and encephalopathy. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of strain Ryukyu-1120. On whole genomic analysis, this strain was found to have a unique genotype constellation: G5-P[6]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. The VP6 and NSP1 genotypes I5 and A8 are those commonly found in porcine strains. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that each of the 11 genes of strain Ryukyu-1120 appeared to be of porcine origin. Thus, strain Ryukyu-1120 was found to have a porcine rotavirus genetic backbone and is likely to be of porcine origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of wholegenome-based characterization of the emerging G5P[6] strains in Asian countries. Our observations will provide important insights into the origin of G5P [6] strains and the dynamic interactions between human and porcine rotavirus strains.

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Phylodynamic Analyses of Rotavirus Genotypes G9 and G12 Underscore Their Potential for Swift Global Spread

Cited by 255 publications

References 38 publications

Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]

Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]

Distribution of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genotypes circulating in Tunisia from 2009 to 2014: Emergence of the genotype G12

Whole genomic analysis of a porcine-like human G5P[6] rotavirus strain isolated from a child with diarrhoea and encephalopathy in Japan

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