Phycochemistry and bioactivity of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites

Abstract

Microbes are a huge contributor to people’s health around the world since they produce a lot of beneficial secondary metabolites. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria cosmopolitan in nature. Adaptability of cyanobacteria to wide spectrum of environment can be contributed to the production of various secondary metabolites which are also therapeutic in nature. As a result, they are a good option for the development of medicinal molecules. These metabolites could be interesting COVID-19 therapeutic options because the majority of these compounds have demonstrated substantial pharmacological actions, such as neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HHV-6, and HIV-1. They have been reported to produce a single metabolite active against wide spectrum of microbes like Fischerella ambigua produces ambigols active against bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Similarly, Moorea producens produces malygomides O and P, majusculamide C and somocystinamide which are active against bacteria, fungi and tumour cells, respectively. In addition to the above, Moorea sp. produce apratoxin A and dolastatin 15 possessing anti cancerous activity but unfortunately till date only brentuximab vedotin (trade name Adcetris), a medication derived from marine peptides, for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma has been approved by FDA. However, several publications have effectively described and categorised cyanobacterial medicines based on their biological action. In present review, an effort is made to categorize cyanobacterial metabolites on the basis of their phycochemistry. The goal of this review is to categorise cyanobacterial metabolites based on their chemical functional group, which has yet to be described.

Antimicrobial Peptides from Photosynthetic Marine Organisms with Potential Application in Aquaculture

“…Non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) synthesis is carried out by NRP synthetases (NRPSs), which are organized in an array of modules constituting a separate functional entity that adds new building blocks to the polypeptide chain. In addition, each module can add modifications to the monomer [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Together with monomer modifications carried out by the additional domains from some NRPS modules, the incorporation of polyketide moieties by polyketide synthases (PKSs) increases the number of modifications, which in turn increases the variability of peptides [ 15 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

“…In addition, each module can add modifications to the monomer [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Together with monomer modifications carried out by the additional domains from some NRPS modules, the incorporation of polyketide moieties by polyketide synthases (PKSs) increases the number of modifications, which in turn increases the variability of peptides [ 15 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

“…Although the identification and characterization of the biological activity of discrete peptides is a quite novel field of study, a huge number of cyanobacterial AMPs with many interesting biological activities and post-translational modifications have been discovered (for review, see [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]). Due to the great variability of cyanobacterial AMPs, in this study we only included AMPs that display biological activities that could be important in aquaculture, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory activities.…”

Identification of Desiccation Stress-Inducible Antioxidative and Antiglycative Ultraviolet-Absorbing Oxylipins, Saclipin A and Saclipin B, in an Edible Cyanobacterium Aphanothece sacrum

“…They are believed to have contributed to the formation of the Earth’s aerobic atmosphere through their oxygenic photosynthetic ability . Today, cyanobacteria are ubiquitous on Earth and can be found in extreme environments such as deserts, highlands, salt lakes, and hot springs. , Having evolved to be adapted to their respective habitats and environments, cyanobacteria can biosynthesize a wide variety of secondary metabolites . Among these compounds, osmoprotectants are responsive to salt stress, and UV-absorbing compounds are responsive to irradiation stress.…”

“…2,3 Having evolved to be adapted to their respective habitats and environments, cyanobacteria can biosynthesize a wide variety of secondary metabolites. 4 Among these compounds, osmoprotectants are responsive to salt stress, and UV-absorbing compounds are responsive to irradiation stress. The osmoprotectants, such as sucrose, trehalose, glucosylglycerol, and glycine betaine, are known to be biosynthesized and accumulated in cyanobacterial cells.…”