Phthaloyl amino acids as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory prototypes

Abstract

A series of phthalimide analogs were synthesized by derivatization of phthalic anhydride, a highly toxic substance, using a ''one pot'' condensation reaction to a-amino acids. All phthaloyl amino acid derivatives presented anti-oral inflammatory activity, but compounds 2e and 2g were found to possess the best activities comparable to thalidomide. Most of the compounds effectively suppressed nitric oxide production in murine cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Nphthaloyl amino acids did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity in vitro when tested against tumor cells as well as a spleen cell culture of BALB/c mice. Compounds 2a, 2g, and 2h were able to inhibit TNF-a and IL-1b production by macrophages. At the same concentration, thalidomide did not exhibit significant inhibitory activity.

Improvement of in vivo anticancer and antiangiogenic potential of thalidomide derivatives

“…The idea of using thalidomide in the cancer treatment occurred after the discovery of its antiangiogenic properties in the early 1990s [13]. Despite the thalidomide mechanism in cancer is not fully understood, its derivatives are known by immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects that likely contribute to antiangiogenic effects [2,14]. In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (USA) approved it against multiple myeloma [13].…”

Cytotoxic and toxicological effects of phthalimide derivatives on tumor and normal murine cells

“…The search for new phthalimides has gained more attention over the last decades, since these molecules have revealed promising anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic and tumor growth inhibition effects (D'Amato et al 1994, Du et al 2005, Machado et al 2005, Noguchi et al 2005, Nabhan and Petrylak 2012, Ruchelman et al 2013, Leite et al 2014. In this work, we evaluated 11 phthalimide derivatives on murine cells and their in vivo antitumoral and deleterious properties.…”

“…This is an extremely well characterized method that analyzes the ability of living cells to reduce the yellow dye 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to a purple formazan product by a pool of cellular mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane of mammalian mitochondria. This method revolutionized cellbased drug screening by offering a high-throughput screening colorimetric assay, whereas it simplified sample processing which did not require radioisotope but it is sensitive enough for miniaturization into 96-well plate formats and have been used in the search for NCEs with antiproliferative action (Alley et al 1988, Berridge et al 1996, Gonzalez and Tarloff 2001, Santos et al 2010, Ferreira et al 2013a, Leite et al 2014.…”

“…Phthalimides, a classical protecting group for amines with two carbonyl groups bound to a secondary amine or ammonia, have been extensively exploited to synthesize molecules with multifaceted pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory (Machado et al 2005, Mazzoccoli et al 2012, Leite et a. 2014), antimycobacterial (Akgün et al 2012, analgesic (Andrade et al 2012) and anticonvulsant (Palencia et al 2011).…”

Are salty liquid food flavorings in vitro antitumor substances?

“…These methods have been very used in the search for new substances with antiproliferative activity and toxic potencial (Skehan et al 1990, Al-Nasiry et al 2007, Leite et al 2014, Monção et al 2015. Plant bioassays have been considered highly sensitive and simple in monitoring the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chemical compounds (USEPA) (Iganci et al 2006).…”