Phthalocyanines as Sensitive Materials for Chemical Sensors

Welding Metallophthalocyanines into Bimetallic Molecular Meshes for Ultrasensitive, Low-Power Chemiresistive Detection of Gases

“…The discovery and development of new multifunctional nanomaterials, in which two or more properties coexist, can enable unprecedented approaches to addressing challenges in electronics, chemical sensing, and energy conversion and storage. − Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) constitute one important class of such multifunctional materials. − The bulk, thin film, and nanowire forms of these molecular solids exhibit remarkable propertiescharge transport, field-effect, and unique light-matter interactionsall of which can be modulated by straightforward changes in molecular structure. − Despite the promising performance of MPcs in electronics, − , sensing, − and energy-related applications, their functional utility is limited by their low intrinsic conductivity − and difficulty in spatial alignment and orientation of MPc units within solid-state devices. − Although the use of composites of MPcs with graphitic materials and the integration of MPc units into metal–organic frameworks , and covalent organic frameworks − have shown promise for increasing conductivity and ordered assembly within devices, the ability to design and evolve synergistic integration of multiple properties within MPc-based systems remains limited. Overcoming these limitations requires the development of efficient and modular methods for bottom-up assembly , of structurally diverse MPc-based materials with precise control over chemical composition, molecular architecture, and emerging properties. ,,, …”

Sustainable Approaches to the Synthesis of Metallophthalocyanines in Solution

“…Phthalocyanines have been among the most important family of dyes and pigments since their discovery, around 100 years ago. The central cavity of their aromatic structure can host a wide variety of metal ions, and the macrocycle periphery can be rationally tailored to tune their chemical, optical, and electronic properties according to their final application, resulting in an ever-increasing range of structures that are widely implemented in a variety of sectors, such as catalysis [ 3 , 4 ], gas sensing [ 5 ], photodynamic therapy [ 6 ], organic electronics [ 7 , 8 ] and hybrid photovoltaics [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The synthesis of phthalocyanines can be performed in several ways: a cheap and scalable protocol, currently used to synthesize industrially relevant pigments such as the phthalocyanine-blue, involves the reaction of phthalic anhydride with urea as the nitrogen source and a catalytic amount of ammonium heptamolybdate.…”

Impedance Spectroscopy and Dielectric Relaxation of Imidazole-Substituted Palladium(II) Phthalocyanine (ImPdPc) for Organic Solar Cells

“… 17 Moreover, phthalocyanines offer tremendous possibilities for the development of field-effected transistors whose charge carrier mobility greatly exceeds 1 cm 2 V –1 s –1 , 18 an improvement in the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell larger than 5%, 19 and also for pollution monitoring as smart sensors. 20 Consequently, significant interest has been generated for the study of the electrical properties of Pc compounds and their derivatives. Khalil et al 21 have deposited 4-tetra-4-tolylsulfonyl:zinc phthalocyanine (4T4TS:ZnPc) thin films by the spin coating technique on quartz substrates.…”