Phthalocyanine induced phototherapy coupled with Doxorubicin; a promising novel treatment for breast cancer

Abstract

Globally, breast cancer is the most common life-threatening malignant disease among women. Adjuvant chemotherapeutic treatment of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (e.g., doxorubicin) has been shown to be more advantageous over non-anthracycline-based therapies, yet possess the tenacity of developing resistance and potential side effects which have limited its use in the clinical setting. These reasons necessitate combining doxorubicin with emerging photodynamic treatment regimens. Areas covered: In this review, the authors have concisely explained doxorubicin chemotherapy and the photobiological processes of phthalocyanine triggered photodynamic therapy (PDT). A literature search was conducted and reports demonstrating the use of doxorubicin and photodynamic therapy as a treatment modality for breast cancer were identified. More emphasis was made on studies demonstrating the efficacy and improved anticancer effect of combining chemotherapy with photodynamic therapy. However, it was concluded that for this combination therapy, still in it's infancy, it could be relevant when integrated into standard treatment. Expert Commentary: To these effects, comprehensive models based on experimental evaluations are needed for rational design of anthracycline-based chemotherapy and PDT to be integrated into the clinical setting.

Photodynamic Therapy in Primary Breast Cancer

“…We consider that future studies should focus first on the best way to deliver PDT (e.g., drug dose and targeting, light dose, multiple fibers). Much current PDT research focuses on looking for ways of increasing the selectivity of PDT between tumors and their organ of origin, such as linking photosensitizers to tumor-specific antibodies, the use of nano-carriers for photosensitizing drug delivery, the latter particularly in multidrug-resistant breast cancer, where the photodynamic effect may play a role in bypassing and inhibiting escape pathways [29][30][31]. However, we see the best potential of PDT in breast cancer in the multi-therapy setting in patients with a poor or incomplete response to NAT or in cases where NAT and surgery are not possible.…”

Teraphtal decreased the sensitivity tumor cells to doxorubicine in vitro but does not affect its antitumor effect in vivo .

“…Ранее нами было обнаружено, что чувствительность опухолевых клеток млекопитающих разного гистогенеза, растущих in vitro, к DOX снижается в присутствии терафтала (ТФ, натриевая соль 4,5-октакарбоксифталоцианина кобальта), компонента противоопухолевого средства -бинарной каталитической системы (ТФ + аскорбиновая кислота) [32,33]. Известно, что в клинических протоколах фотодинамической терапии используются фотосенсибилизаторы фталоцианиновой природы, подобные ТФ, в комбинации с химиопрепаратами, включающей АА [34]. Принимая во внимание эти данные, мы продолжили исследования в условиях in vivo.…”

“…Доля клеток в блоке G 2 / М при концентрации DOX 2 мкМ составляет 50 % и не возвращается к контрольным величинам. Таким образом, в присутствии ТФ механизм защиты клеток меланомы линии B16 / F10 от токсичности DOX (индукция апоптоза) коррелирует с остановкой клеток в фазе G 2 / М. Такие клетки, как известно, приобретают фенотип SLC, для которого характерны морфологические (увеличение размера, разбухание ядер, появление микроядер) и биохимические (увеличение активности фермента β-галактозидазы лизосом) признаки [16,34].…”

Enhanced photo/chemo combination efficiency against bladder tumor by encapsulation of DOX and ZnPC into in situ-formed thermosensitive polymer hydrogel

“…Some preclinical studies and clinical trials indicated that the combination of PDT with more traditional treatments such as specific chemotherapeutic agents may become a workable anticancer strategy. 23,24 On the premise that the overall efficacy is preserved or even augmented, photo/ chemo combination therapy may allow the reduction of the dosage of individual drugs and consequently the lessening of important side effects. Mounting evidence suggested that this combination showed a prominent additive to synergistic effect over individual treatment when used alone.…”

“…With advantages of coloading, local administration and stimulus-responsive drug release, smart hydrogels may be useful in addressing drug combination regimen, thus achieving a positive outcome. 24 International Journal of Nanomedicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 44.224.250.200 on For personal use only.…”