Phthalates: toxicology and food safety - a review

Mikula, Přemysl; Svobodová, Zdeňka; Smutná, Marie

doi:10.17221/3394-cjfs

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, it has been reported that cooking can eliminate most of the PAEs in vegetables (Mikula et al 2005). Therefore, reference values were calculated by the adding a removal efficiency of 80 % of the measured concentration (Mikula et al 2005).…”

Section: Target Pae Compounds In Vegetable Samples Of Four Target Invmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk

Ting

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The contamination of phthalate esters (PAEs) has become a potential threat to the environment and human health because they could be easily released as plasticizers from the daily supply products, especially in polyethylene films. Concentration levels of total six PAEs, nominated as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were investigated in soils and vegetables from four greenhouse areas in suburbs of Nanjing, East China. Total PAEs concentration ranged from 930±840 to 2 450±710 μg kg −1 (dry weight (DW)) in soil and from 790 ± 630 to 3 010 ± 2 130 μg kg −1 in vegetables. Higher concentrations of PAEs were found in soils except in Suo Shi (SS) area and in vegetables, especially in potherb mustard and purple tsai-tai samples. Risk assessment mainly based on the exposures of soil ingestion and daily vegetable intake indicated that bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the samples from Gu Li (GL) and Hu Shu (HS) exhibited the highest hazard to children less than 6-year old. Therefore, the human health risk of the PAEs contamination in soils and vegetables should greatly be of a concern, especially for their environmental estrogen analog effects.

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Section: Target Pae Compounds In Vegetable Samples Of Four Target Invmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk

Ting

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Although the HQ of DEHP was estimated to be over 1, it has been reported that about 90 % of pollutants such as DEHP in foods can be hydrolyzed by enzymes from the intestines and pancreas and the remaining 10 % can be lost during the process of cooking (Mikula et al 2005) and this may ameliorate the risk to a more controllable level. The risk of other target compounds to human health may also be controllable if they can be hydrolyzed and lost during cooking.…”

Section: Bcfs Of Target Pollutants In Vegetablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site

Ting

Christie

Luo

et al. 2012

Environ Geochem Health

100

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The accumulation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil and plants in agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site in east China has become a great threat to the neighboring environmental quality and human health. Soil and plant samples collected from land under different utilization, including fallow plots, vegetable plots, plots with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as green manure, fallow plots under long-term flooding and fallow plots under alternating wet and dry periods, together with plant samples from relative plots were analyzed for six PAE compounds nominated as prior pollutants by USEPA. In the determined samples, the concentrations of six target PAE pollutants ranged from 0.31-2.39 mg/kg in soil to 1.81-5.77 mg/kg in various plants (dry weight/ DW), and their bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged from 5.8 to 17.9. Health risk assessments were conducted on target PAEs, known as typical environmental estrogen analogs, based on their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Preliminary risk assessment to human health from soil and daily vegetable intake indicated that DEHP may present a high-exposure risk on all ages of the population in the area by soil ingestion or vegetable consumption. The potential damage that the target PAE compounds may pose to human health should be taken into account in further comprehensive risk assessments in e-waste recycling sites areas. Moreover, alfalfa removed substantial amounts of PAEs from the soil, and its use can be considered a good strategy for in situ remediation of PAEs.

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“…They are generally colourless and odourless liquids with a low solubility in water [2]. Phthalates are used as plasticizers in many consumer products, such as household furnishings, in personal care products as vehicles for fragrance, in medical devices and children's toys, in food packaging, cleaning materials or insecticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol

et al. 2009

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BackgroundPhthalates are synthetic compounds with a widespread field of applications. For example, they are used as plasticizers in PVC plastics and food packaging, or are added to personal care products. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) may be used to denature alcohol, e.g., for cosmetic purposes. Public health concerns of phthalates include carcinogenic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic and endocrine effects. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining phthalates in alcohol samples and to provide a risk assessment for consumers of such products.Methodology/Principal FindingsA liquid-liquid extraction procedure was optimized by varying the following parameters: type of extraction solvent (cyclohexane, n-hexane, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane), the ratio extraction solvent/sample volume (1∶1 to 50∶1) and the number of extraction repetitions (1–10). The best extraction yield (99.9%) was achieved with the solvent 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, an extraction solvent volume/sample volume ratio of 10∶1 and a double extraction. For quantification, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standards was used. The investigated samples were alcoholic beverages and unrecorded alcohol products from different countries (n = 257). Two unrecorded alcohol samples from Lithuania contained diethyl phthalate in concentrations of 608 mg/L and 210 mg/L.Conclusions/SignificanceThe consumption of the phthalate-positive unrecorded alcohols would exceed tolerable daily intakes as derived from animal experiments. Both positive samples were labelled as cosmetic alcohol, but had clearly been offered for human consumption. DEP seems to be unsuitable as a denaturing agent as it has no effect on the organoleptic properties of ethanol. In light of our results that DEP might be consumed by humans in unrecorded alcohols, the prohibition of its use as a denaturing agent should be considered.

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Phthalates: toxicology and food safety - a review

Cited by 36 publications

References 32 publications

Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk

Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk

Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site

Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol

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