Phthalates, organotin compounds and per-polyfluoroalkyl substances in semiconfined areas of the Spanish coast: Occurrence, sources and risk assessment

Concha-Graña, E.; Moscoso-Pérez, Carmen; Fernández-González, V.; López-Mahı́a, Purificación; Gago, Jesús; León, Victor; Muniategui-Lorenzo, Soledad

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146450

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…This group was the most frequently detected in the samples in both sampling campaigns in 90 and 100% of the sampled sites in winter and summer, respectively. A recent study also evidenced the relevance of this group of contaminants because the occurrence of phthalates was confirmed in seawater from Mar Menor lagoon for 11-17% of samples, showing maximum concentrations of 560 and 1,270 ng/l in spring and autumn, respectively (Concha-Graña et al, 2021). Other examples of plasticizers detected in the samples were N-butylbenzenesulfonamide, tributyl citrate acetate (ATBC), the polyvinyl acetate, dimethyl sebacate (DMS), and the diethyl sebacate (DES), and these last two are very much used in thermoplastics as polyurethanes, and they are also used as UV stabilizers.…”

Section: Tentative Identification Of Plastic Additives In Mar Menor Lagoonmentioning

confidence: 82%

Screening and Quantification of Micro(Nano)Plastics and Plastic Additives in the Seawater of Mar Menor Lagoon

et al. 2021

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In this work a suspect-screening approach was employed to assess the polymers and plastic additives of micro(nano)plastics (NPL/MPLs) of size ranges from the nm range to 20 μm present in seawater from the top 5 cm of the Mar Menor lagoon during two sampling campaigns (summer and winter), as well of other potentially adsorbed compounds onto the plastic particles surfaces and suspended material. The identification of NPL/MPLs has been based on characteristic Kendrick Mass Defect analysis for each polymer type in mass spectra. The applied methodology allowed to identify NPLs/MPLs of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polypropylene (PP), polyamides (PA), polyvinylchloride (PVC), n-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAm), and polydimethylsiloxanes. In addition, PS, PE, PI, PBD, PP, PA, and PVC were confirmed with standards, and the equivalent concentrations were quantified. The results of this study showed that most frequently found compounds were PP, PE, PA and PNIPAm, while the compound found at higher concentrations was by far PP reaching the 9,303 ± 366 ng/mL in one of the samples. A total number of 135 chemical compounds were tentatively identified, 74 of them plastic additives and compounds used in the polymers manufacture or coming from the polymer’s decomposition. In relation to plastic additives, the more frequently tentatively identified compounds were plasticizers such as phthalates group; stabilizers such as antioxidants (e.g., distearyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone), and UV filters as benzotriazoles. Several flame retardants of the group of phosphates were as well detected. The other compounds tentatively identified in the samples were pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food additives, flavors and natural products that were attached onto the plastic particles and particulate matter from surrounding waters. In regards to the seasonal variation, during the summer a major number of compounds were tentatively detected, while de concentrations of polymers were slightly higher in winter. The spatial distribution showed higher contamination in the southern part of the coastal lagoon.

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Section: Tentative Identification Of Plastic Additives In Mar Menor Lagoonmentioning

confidence: 82%

Screening and Quantification of Micro(Nano)Plastics and Plastic Additives in the Seawater of Mar Menor Lagoon

et al. 2021

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“…The main sources of TBT and TPhT contamination are antifouling paints that are widely used in the marine industry for the protection of ship hulls and marine structures as well as pesticides used for the preservation of wood, paper, textiles, leather, and plastics. Although the application of OTCs in antifouling coatings has been banned since 2008, the compounds are still present in the environment due to their wide industrial applications (especially in the production of polyurethane foam and silicons) [ 2 , 3 ]. OTCs are introduced into the environment by effluents from wastewater treatment plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fit-for-Purpose Assessment of QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Organotin Compounds in the Bottom Sediments of the Odra River Estuary

et al. 2022

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Organotin compounds (OTCs) are among the most hazardous substances found in the marine environment and can be determined by either the ISO 23161 method based on extraction with non-polar organic solvents and gas chromatography analysis or by the recently developed QuEChERS method coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To date, the QuEChERS LC/MS and ISO 23161 methods have not been compared in terms of their fit-for-purpose and reliability in the determination of OTCs in bottom sediments. In the case of ISO 23161, due to a large number of interferences gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was not suitable for the determination of OTCs contrary to more selective determination by gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector. Moreover, it has been found that the derivatization of OTCs to volatile compounds, which required prior gas chromatography determination, was strongly affected by the sediments’ matrices. As a result, a large amount of reagent was needed for the complete derivatization of the compounds. Contrary to ISO 23161, the QuEChERS LC-MS/MS method did not require the derivatization of OTC and is less prone to interferences. Highly volatile and toxic solvents were not used in the QuEChERS LC-MS/MS method. This makes the method more environmentally friendly according to the principles of green analytical chemistry. QuEChERS LC-MS/MS is suitable for fast and reliable environmental monitoring of OTCs in bottom sediments from the Odra River estuary. However, determination of di- and monobutyltin by the QuEChERS LC-MS/MS method was not possible due to the constraints of the chromatographic system. Hence, further development of this method is needed for monitoring di- and monobutyltin in bottom sediments.

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“…With increasing development, water quality safety is no longer limited not only to conventional water pollutants but also to contamination by persistent toxic substances (PTSs). Organotin compounds (OTCs) are a category of PTS and have been detected in various water environments, including ports, harbors, and coastal regions (Cao et al, 2009;Anastasiou et al, 2016;Concha-Graña et al, 2021). OTCs persist in the OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY environment for a long time due to their extensive use and resistance to degradation (Dobson et al, 2006;Cole et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the toxicity of TBT to organisms and its persistence in the aquatic environment, it has been globally banned since 2008 by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships (IMO, 2001). Some other OTCs are also regulated in many products by various countries and regions (IMO, 2001;Concha-Graña et al, 2021). However, pollution problems resulting from OTC contamination of the aquatic environment persist (Antizar-Ladislao, 2008;Cole et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of OTCs in water generally range from a few to thousands of nanograms per liter (Díez et al, 2005;Gao et al, 2013;Gao et al, 2018;Concha-Graña et al, 2021). OTCs have also been detected in the biota and sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary (Chen et al, 2016;Chen C. Z. et al, 2019) and have been reported in the water of the turbidity maximum zone and hypoxic zone outside of an estuary (Huang et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and risk assessment of organotin compounds in the surface water of the upper Yangtze River Estuary

Dai

Chen²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Organotin compounds (OTCs) are a category of persistent toxic substances with endocrine disrupting effects and may pose a risk to aquatic organisms and human health via water. This study collected 78 surface water samples from the drinking water source in the upper Yangtze River Estuary from July 2018 to November 2019. Out of the nine OTC targets, tributyltin (TBT), dimethyltin (DMT), trimethyltin (TMT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) were detected from more than 50% of the water samples, with cumulative concentrations of OTCs ranging from 42.5 ± 54.0 to 421 ± 176 ng Sn L−1. The composition and concentrations of OTCs in the stormy months were different from those in other months. The concentrations of OTCs with the ebbing tide exceeded those in the flooding tide and increased when the flooding tide transitioned to the ebbing tide. A pulsed trend in concentrations of OTCs in river water was evident due to the impact of rainfall runoff and tidal currents. Identified sources of OTCs included ship antifouling paints, agricultural pesticides, and plastic waste. TBT in water sources poses a low risk to human health and a risk to the ecosystem, particularly during the stormy months.

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Phthalates, organotin compounds and per-polyfluoroalkyl substances in semiconfined areas of the Spanish coast: Occurrence, sources and risk assessment

Cited by 21 publications

References 50 publications

Screening and Quantification of Micro(Nano)Plastics and Plastic Additives in the Seawater of Mar Menor Lagoon

Screening and Quantification of Micro(Nano)Plastics and Plastic Additives in the Seawater of Mar Menor Lagoon

Fit-for-Purpose Assessment of QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Organotin Compounds in the Bottom Sediments of the Odra River Estuary

Occurrence and risk assessment of organotin compounds in the surface water of the upper Yangtze River Estuary

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