Phthalates levels in olive oils and olive pomace oils marketed in Turkey

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

“…All samples analyzed had an average concentration of 1.31 and 1.52 mg/kg for DEHP and with the highest concentration of 7.52 and 6.29 mg/kg for DiNP, respectively. Moreover, Kiralan et al [ 91 ] analyzed different types of olive oils for PAEs levels, and DEHP was the abundant PAEs in all olive oil samples ranging from below the LOQ (0.23 mg/kg) to 602 mg/kg. In all analyzed samples, the levels of DiNP and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) were lower than their LOQ.…”

“…Table 2 summarizes the extraction techniques adopted in the last three years to analyze PAEs in environmental and food matrices. It is possible to observe that the most common extraction techniques used to extract phthalates from environmental and food samples are LLE [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 104 , 106 , 109 , 110 , 112 ], SPME [ 60 , 69 , 81 , 82 , 92 , 93 , 115 ], QuEChERS-dSPE [ 79 , 88 , 102 ], SPE [ 68 , 75 ], and soxhlet [ 100 , 101 , 114 ].…”

“…In general, no clean-up procedure is necessary. The most common solvents used in LLE are DCM [ 62 , 64 , 66 , 99 ], ACET [ 94 ], MeCN [ 90 , 91 , 106 ], and solvents mixes (HEX:ACET, HEX:EtAc, DCM:ACET) [ 63 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 95 , 96 ]. Despite the high extraction efficiency of LLE to extract PAEs from different samples, which results in recovery rates of 70% to 120%, lower LODs and LOQs ( Table 2 ), the up-to-date tendencies related to extraction procedures are founded on the principles of green chemistry, which include low solvent volumes, simplicity, and quickness.…”

“…Nevertheless, excess derivatization agents or byproducts should be removed prior to GC analysis to avoid the deterioration of the stationary phase (column) [ 120 ]. Generally, the PAEs separation is carried out using apolar fused-silica capillary columns coated with 5% phenyl and 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, under temperature programs starting from 60 °C up to 330 °C, in total run time analysis ranging from 20 to 51 min [ 66 , 67 , 69 , 79 , 85 , 86 , 91 , 100 , 103 ]. Nonetheless, the PAEs have also been determined using apolar fused-silica capillary columns coated with 5%-phenyl(1%-vinyl)-methylpolysiloxane (SE-54) [ 61 , 78 , 87 ].…”

“…In the case of GC-MS, it is crucial to use an internal standard (IS) to promote a more accurate quantification of phthalates in a diversity of samples. The isotopically-labeled phthalates as IS [ 90 , 100 , 127 ], such as d4-DBP, d4-DEHP, and d4-DnOP, are the most suitable to correct errors caused by matrix effects and to correct probable dissimilarities occurring in the analyses, even though non-deuterated compounds like as 2,6-di-ter-butyl-4-methyl phenol (BHT) [ 91 ], bromopropylate [ 78 ] and anthracene [ 61 ] have also been used with good results. Regarding ionization techniques, electron ionization (EI) is the most suitable for the determination of PAEs by GC-MS, being reproducible and not suffering from ion suppression effects [ 60 , 61 , 69 , 91 , 100 , 103 , 112 ].…”