Phthalate Plasticizers in Children’s Products and Estimation of Exposure: Importance of Migration Rate

Kim, Du Yung; Chun, Sa Ho; Jung, Yerin; Mohamed, Dana Fahad Mohamed Salman; Kim, Hae Soo; Kang, D. Y.; An, Jeong Won; Park, Seong Yeol; Kwon, Hyun Wook; Kwon, Jung Hwan

doi:10.3390/ijerph17228582

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Maternal diet and food preparation practices, such as maternal prenatal high-fat milk consumption was associated with higher benzyl butyl (BBz) and DEHP [ 20 ]. The presence of these endocrine disruptors, DBP, DEP, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), was found in vegetable cans, baby bottles, microwaveable containers [ 5 , 21 ], and the well-known plastic beverage bottles [ 7 ]. As mentioned, the simple contact of a child’s mouth and saliva with their toys can contract PAEs and fastly converted them into respective metabolites [ 22 ].…”

Section: Phthalates Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common exposure routes of phthalates are: (i) personal care products (e.g., shampoos, deodorants, soaps, perfumes, nail polish, and body lotions); (ii) food contact plastics (e.g., bottled water and food transporting containers) [ 7 ]; (iii) sucking or chewing soft plastic/vinyl products (e.g., plasticizers used in children’s products) [ 5 ]; (iv) medical devices (e.g., catheters and blood bags). In addition, phthalates can be found in wall coverings, coated textiles, sports equipment, footwear, electrical cables, and house flooring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

Luís

Algarra

Câmara

2021

Toxics

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Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children’s toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.

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Section: Phthalates Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

Luís

Algarra

Câmara

2021

Toxics

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“…Organotin compounds have been commonly used as a thermal stabilizer for PVC compounds even before 1973 due to PVC’s sensitivity to thermal degradation during processing and use [ 38 ]. Phthalate-based plasticizers have been also widely added to improve the flexibility, processability, and durability of PVC [ 39 ]. Both organotin compounds and plasticizers tend to migrate to the surface of the polymer because they are usually not chemically bonded to the polymer chain [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mattel’s Barbie: Investigation of a Symbol—Analysis of Polymeric Matrices and Degradation Phenomena for Sixteen Dolls from 1959 to 1976

et al. 2022

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Mattel’s Barbie dolls are the most famous and iconic dolls since 1959. Today, they are being collected by individuals and often conserved in museum environments due to their cultural and historical significance reflecting everyday life and historical events. However, just like most museum objects made of plastics, both historical and more recent Barbies show evident degradation phenomena. Firstly, Barbies were made of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), affected by the migration of additives—mostly the plasticizers—from the bulk phase to the outermost layer, appearing as a tacky and glossy exudate. Over the years, Barbies’ polymeric constituents were replaced with more stable ones, whose additives migration is limited compared to PVC, even though still occurring. Multispectral photography in visible (VIS) and ultraviolet (UV) light, microscopical observations in VIS and UV light, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy in the Attenuated Total Reflectance mode (FT-IR ATR) were performed to characterize the constituent materials of 15 Barbies produced between 1959 and 1976, bridging the information gap on their processing over the years. The micro-invasive multi-analytical approach also allowed for the characterization of the degradation products, permitting the reference of the exudated compound to the specific bulk polymer.

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“…Thus, plasticizer leaching from products is at risk of exposure, although this is unintentional. Human exposure can occur through multiple pathways of exposure, including oral, respiratory, dermal and parenteral routes [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This is a matter of particular concern because human exposure to plasticizers has been related to adverse health effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of DEHP, DEHT and DINP Alone or in a Mixture on Cell Viability and Mitochondrial Metabolism of Endothelial Cells In Vitro

Poitou

Rogez-Florent

Dirninger

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Plasticizers are chemicals in high demand, used in a wide range of commercial products. Human are exposed through multiple pathways, from numerous sources, to multiple plasticizers. This is a matter of concern, as it may contribute to adverse health effects. The vascular system carries plasticizers throughout the body and therefore can interact with the endothelium. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro toxicity on endothelial cells by considering the individual and the mixture effects of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) or bis-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT). In this study, their cytotoxicity on HMEC-1 cells was evaluated on cell function (viability, cell counting, total glutathione and intracellular adenosines) and mitochondrial function (mitochondrial respiration). Results showed cellular physiological perturbations induced with all the condition tested, excepted for DEHT. Plasticizers induced a cytotoxicity by targeting mitochondrial respiration, depleting mitochondrial ATP production and increasing glycolytic metabolism. Additionally, delayed effects were observed between the cellular and the mitochondrial parameters. These results suggest that endothelial cells could go through a metabolic adaptation to face plasticizer-induced cellular stress, to effectively maintain their cellular processes. This study provides additional information on the adverse effects of plasticizers on endothelial cells.

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Phthalate Plasticizers in Children’s Products and Estimation of Exposure: Importance of Migration Rate

Cited by 24 publications

References 33 publications

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

Mattel’s Barbie: Investigation of a Symbol—Analysis of Polymeric Matrices and Degradation Phenomena for Sixteen Dolls from 1959 to 1976

Effects of DEHP, DEHT and DINP Alone or in a Mixture on Cell Viability and Mitochondrial Metabolism of Endothelial Cells In Vitro

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