Phthalate monoesters as markers of phthalate contamination in wild marine organisms

Hu, Xialin; Gu, Yu; Huang, Wenping; Yin, Daqiang

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.020

Cited by 92 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…MEHP and MEP are two of the most commonly reported phthalate metabolites detected in other marine species; however, most studies have reported organ or tissue concentrations (e.g., blubber, skin, muscle, and liver; Baini et al, ; Blair et al, ; Fossi et al, , ; Hu et al, ; Ros et al, ), which are not directly comparable to urinary concentrations. MEHP has been examined in urine from Florida American alligators, where concentrations (mean = 56.4–4,540 ng/ml; Brock et al, ) were much higher than MEHP in Sarasota Bay dolphins (mean = 2.3 ng/ml; Table ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phthalates are not considered persistent chemicals, but ongoing release of phthalates into the environment lead to pseudo persistence and may result in chronic and ubiquitous environmental exposure risks to wildlife. Marine and aquatic organisms may be exposed through inhalation or ingestion of phthalate‐contaminated air, water, sediment, and prey, and both direct and indirect or accidental ingestion of plastic (Cole et al, ; Fossi et al, , ; Hu et al, ). Plastic additives and environmental contaminants sorbed to plastics are known to be bioavailable to organisms upon ingestion although the significance compared to other pathways is debated (Beckingham & Ghosh, ; Koelmans et al, ), and the full accounting of the risks of plastics in the environment is an ongoing research and monitoring need (Jahnke et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phthalate metabolites in urine, rather than the parent diester, have been deemed the most reliable indicator of phthalate exposure in human populations due to the rapid metabolism of diester phthalates in the body, as well as the potential for sample contamination with diester parent compounds from equipment during analysis (Blount et al, ; Calafat & McKee, ; Frederiksen et al, ; Högberg et al, ). Phthlates are also biotransformed in the aquatic food web, although metabolic transformation efficiencies tend to increase with trophic level (Hu et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, FL, USA

et al. 2018

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Phthalates are chemical additives to common consumer goods including cleaning products, cosmetics, personal care products, and plastic. Because they are not chemically bound to these products and are widely used, the potential for environmental contamination is significant. Phthalates and their metabolites have been associated with endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment, among other adverse health effects, in laboratory animals and human epidemiologic studies. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are vulnerable to environmental pollutants due to their apex position in the food chain, long life spans, and habitat overlap with developed coastal areas. The objective of this study was to quantify phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine collected from bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, during May 2016 (n = 7) and May 2017 (n = 10). Screening of nine phthalate monoester metabolites in bottlenose dolphin urine was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using methods adapted from those used for analyzing human samples. At least one phthalate metabolite was detected in 71% of the dolphins sampled across both years, with the highest concentrations detected for monoethyl phthalate (MEP; GM = 5.4 ng/ml; 95%CI: 1.3–22.0 ng/ml) and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP; GM = 1.9 ng/ml; 95%CI: 1.1–3.2 ng/ml). These data demonstrate exposure to two of the most commonly used phthalates in commercial manufacturing, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). This study establishes methods for urinary detection of phthalate metabolites in marine mammals and provides baseline data to address a significant and growing, yet poorly understood, health threat to marine wildlife.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, FL, USA

et al. 2018

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“…The use of an organic solvent is a must, and extraction has been traditionally performed using the Soxhlet method, although it is time-and solvent-consuming, labor-intensive and may create background PAE residues [17]. Other common extraction methods for PAEs are ultrasonic bath [18], vortex [19], shaker [20] and ion pairing [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validated Method for the Detection of Three Phthalates Derived from Marine Invertebrates

Avisar¹,

Kaplan²,

Ronen-Eliraz³

et al. 2019

AJAC

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This study represents, detailly, the validated method for the extraction and quantification of widespread phthalic acid esters (PAEs) bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), din -butyl phthalate (DBP) and din -octyl phthalate (DnOP) from solitary ascidians collected from a marine environment. The extraction was based on a pressurized liquid extraction method, using n-hexane as the solvent to extract the target PAEs from dry biological tissues, and was performed in an accelerated solvent extraction instrument. The average recovery of 89.2% was obtained from samples subjected to a pressure of ~1500 psi and 120˚C in two 10-min cycles. GC-MS was used for quantification, conducted in single-ion monitoring mode. Following careful and rigorous cleanup procedures to prevent cross-contamination from laboratory glassware, PAE standards showed signals with good specificity. The obtained limits of detection were 130, 122 and 89 ng/g for DEHP, DBP and DnOP, respectively. Accordingly, the calculated limits of quantification were 394, 370 and 270 ng/g for DEHP, DBP and DnOP, respectively. The obtained linearity ranged from 5.4 to 269 ng/ml (equivalent to 135-6725 ng/g dry weight), with R 2 ≥ 0.998. Concentrations in the range of 200 to 9000 and 400 to 5000 ng/g sample dry weight, for DEHP and DBP, respectively, were obtained from the ascidians. No DnOP was detected in any of the samples. These results indicate that the method presented in this study is applicable for detection of low and trace concentrations of the target PAEs in samples collected from a marine organism, which can serve as a bioindicator of plastic contamination.

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“…Single or different combinations of extraction/clean-up techniques have been employed for the analysis of OPEs and PAEs in some solid marine matrices (mostly sediments) like Soxhlet, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave and ultrasonic extraction (MAE and USE, respectively), with alumina, silica, and Florisil among the most common clean-up phases (David et al 2006;Net et al 2015b;Pantelaki and Voutsa 2019). The data for marine organisms is scarce (Hu et al 2016;Greaves and Letcher 2017), typically involves intricate sample cleanup procedures and the existing analytical protocols generally consider OPEs and PAEs separately. Aiming for the simplification of this type of analysis and the reduction of their environmental fingerprint (Gałuszka et al 2013), we present here a fast and "green" method based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) (Anastassiades et al 2003) for the simultaneous assessment of OPEs and PAEs in various complex marine matrices.…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Roland Peter Kallenbornmentioning

confidence: 99%

An innovative approach for the simultaneous quantitative screening of organic plastic additives in complex matrices in marine coastal areas

Castro-Jiménez

Ratola

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Aiming the simultaneous determination of widely used organic plastic additives in complex marine matrices, this work proposes a fast and "green" analytical protocol based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technology. The validation of this innovative method on real matrices (i.e., sediments, mussel, fish, and Posidonia oceanica) indicated a general good performance in all of them for phthalate esters (PAEs), with low blank levels and average method recoveries varying from 54 ± 11 to 71 ± 12%. The best method performance for organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers was in biotic matrices (recoveries 52 ± 31 to 86 ± 38%). This application represents an innovative QuEChERS sequence of two dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE) steps enabling this approach for the determination of important families of organic plastic additives in the marine environment. Indeed, our method allowed the fast screening and simultaneous determination of OPE and PAEs in various sites and matrices subject to different anthropogenic pressure in coastal NW Mediterranean Sea for the first time. ∑ 7 PAE and ∑ 9 OPE concentrations of 19-83 and 27-116 ng g −1 dw (fish), of 80-714 and 42-71 ng g −1 dw (mussels), of 192-908 and 47-151 ng g −1 dw (Posidonia oceanica), and of 11-328 and 4-10 ng g −1 dw (sediment) were measured, respectively. Our approach was sensible enough as to detect differences in the (bio)accumulation patterns of the target compounds in various species and/or sites. This application opens new perspectives for environmentally friendly marine environment monitoring and screening campaigns for organic plastic additives.

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Phthalate monoesters as markers of phthalate contamination in wild marine organisms

Cited by 92 publications

References 25 publications

Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, FL, USA

Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, FL, USA

Validated Method for the Detection of Three Phthalates Derived from Marine Invertebrates

An innovative approach for the simultaneous quantitative screening of organic plastic additives in complex matrices in marine coastal areas

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