Phthalate metabolites in urine from China, and implications for human exposures

Guo, Ying; Wu, Qian; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.005

Cited by 268 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Nonetheless, levels found even in food are below what is considered safe by the European Union and the US EPA (see section "Food containers" above). Given the omnipresent prevalence of DEHP in the environment, another way for human uptake is through a general environmental exposure (Bauer and Herrmann 1997;EU 2008;Guo et al 2011;Martine et al 2013;Staples et al 1997;Wams 1987). Routes of exposure include, but are not limited to, house dust (Becker et al 2004;Butte et al 2001), indoor air (Butte and Heinzow 2002), soil (Cartwright et al 2000), and watersheds (see Table 2).…”

Section: Routes Of Human Exposure To Dehpmentioning

confidence: 98%

Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure

Erythropel

Marić

Nicell

et al. 2014

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

333

182

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Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer to render poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) soft and malleable. Plasticized PVC is used in hospital equipment, food wrapping, and numerous other commercial and industrial products. Unfortunately, plasticizers can migrate within the material and leach out of it over time, ending up in the environment and, frequently, the human body. DEHP has come under increased scrutiny as its breakdown products are believed to be endocrine disruptors and more toxic than DEHP itself. DEHP and its breakdown products have been identified as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, and daily human exposure is estimated to be in the microgram per kilogram level. The objective of this review is to summarize and comment on published sources of DEHP exposure and to give an overview of its environmental fate. Exposure through bottled water was examined specifically, as this concern is raised frequently, yet only little exposure to DEHP occurs through bottled water, and DEHP exposure is unlikely to stem from the packaging material itself. Packaged food was also examined and showed higher levels of DEHP contamination compared to bottled water. Exposure to DEHP also occurs in hospital environments, where DEHP leaches directly into liquids that passed through PVC/DEHP tubing and equipment. The latter exposure is at considerably higher levels compared to food and bottled water, specifically putting patients with chronic illnesses at risk. Overall, levels of DEHP in food and bottled water were below current tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. However, our understanding of the risks of DEHP exposure is still evolving. Given the prevalence of DEHP in our atmosphere and environment, and the uncertainty revolving around it, the precautionary principle would suggest its phaseout and replacement. Increased efforts to develop viable replacement compounds, which necessarily includes rigorous leaching, toxicity, and impact assessment studies, are needed before alternative plasticizers can be adopted as viable replacements.

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Section: Routes Of Human Exposure To Dehpmentioning

confidence: 98%

Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure

Erythropel

Marić

Nicell

et al. 2014

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

333

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, the introduction of more advanced production technology and equipment could lessen working time and improve production safety and stability. Urinary phthalate metabolites have been proven reliable as biomarkers of human exposures to PAEs (Guo et al 2011), so in further assessment, urine of residents in survey area could be collected for more comprehensive and reliable risk analysis.…”

Section: Uncertainty Analysis and Suggestionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk

Ting

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The contamination of phthalate esters (PAEs) has become a potential threat to the environment and human health because they could be easily released as plasticizers from the daily supply products, especially in polyethylene films. Concentration levels of total six PAEs, nominated as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were investigated in soils and vegetables from four greenhouse areas in suburbs of Nanjing, East China. Total PAEs concentration ranged from 930±840 to 2 450±710 μg kg −1 (dry weight (DW)) in soil and from 790 ± 630 to 3 010 ± 2 130 μg kg −1 in vegetables. Higher concentrations of PAEs were found in soils except in Suo Shi (SS) area and in vegetables, especially in potherb mustard and purple tsai-tai samples. Risk assessment mainly based on the exposures of soil ingestion and daily vegetable intake indicated that bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the samples from Gu Li (GL) and Hu Shu (HS) exhibited the highest hazard to children less than 6-year old. Therefore, the human health risk of the PAEs contamination in soils and vegetables should greatly be of a concern, especially for their environmental estrogen analog effects.

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“…Because of that, since the late 90s many studies have been conducted aiming to prove that urinary concentration of PAE metabolites could be used as biomarkers to estimate dose in risk human assessment of PAEs. After the study carried out by David in 2000 [16], who estimated daily intake levels of phthalates based on primary urinary MPAE concentrations in the US population, it was followed by similar studies, published between 2003 and 2014, in which the daily intake of PAEs based on the urinary metabolite concentrations in various populations was estimated (e.g., US, China, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Taiwan) [12,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. At the same time, the reporting of levels of MPAEs in the urine of populations from different countries has been rapidly increasing during the last few years [25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of ultra-high performance liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for accurate determination of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites in urine samples

Herrero

Calvarro

Fernández

et al. 2015

Analytica Chimica Acta

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Phthalate metabolites in urine from China, and implications for human exposures

Cited by 268 publications

References 31 publications

Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure

Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure

Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk

Feasibility of ultra-high performance liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for accurate determination of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites in urine samples

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